Nửa thế kỷ một phong trào

<html> <head> <meta http-equiv='Content-Type' content='text/html; charset=utf-8'> <title> </title> </head> <div> <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8"> <title></title> <div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"><strong>N&#7871u x&eacute;t t&#7915 gi&aacute;c &#273&#7897 l&#7883ch s&#7917, phong tr&agrave;o h&#7885c sinh &ndash; sinh vi&ecirc;n xu&#7845t hi&#7879n s&#7899m h&#417n ng&agrave;y &ldquo;Tr&#7847n V&#259n &#416n&rdquo;. T&#7915 khi chi&#7871n tranh Th&aacute;i B&igrave;nh D&#432&#417ng n&#7893 ra, tinh th&#7847n d&acirc;n t&#7897c chung c&#7911a &#273&#7891ng b&agrave;o trong c&#7843 n&#432&#7899c, v&#7899i Vi&#7879t Minh tuy&ecirc;n c&aacute;o c&#432&#417ng l&#297nh gi&agrave;nh &#273&#7897c l&#7853p, &#273&#432&#7907c kh&#417i d&#7853y m&#7841nh m&#7869.</strong> </span></span></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"><br type="_moz" /> </span></span></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Nh&#7919ng &#273&#7843ng vi&ecirc;n C&#7897ng s&#7843n &ndash; &iacute;t th&ocirc;i &ndash; &#273&atilde; &#273i th&#7859ng v&agrave;o phong tr&agrave;o &#273ang ch&#7899m n&#7903, truy&#7873n b&aacute; nh&#7919ng &#273i&#7873u ki&#7879n g&igrave; m&agrave; m&#7897t cu&#7897c c&aacute;ch m&#7841ng qu&#7847n ch&uacute;ng &#7903 m&#7897t n&#432&#7899c thu&#7897c &#273&#7883a ph&#432&#417ng &#272&ocirc;ng ph&#7843i h&#7897i t&#7909. Tr&iacute; th&#7913c nh&#7841y c&#7843m v&#7899i t&igrave;nh h&igrave;nh, thanh ni&ecirc;n tri th&#7913c c&ograve;n nh&#7841y c&#7843m h&#417n.</span></span></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"><br /> </span></span></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">T&#7915 1941, nh&acirc;n d&acirc;n Vi&#7879t Nam ch&#7883u &ldquo;m&#7897t c&#7893 hai tr&ograve;ng&rdquo;, Ph&aacute;p t&#7915 th&#7871 k&#7927 tr&#432&#7899c v&agrave; Nh&#7853t v&agrave;o l&uacute;c n&agrave;y. C&#7843 hai &#273&#7873u tung c&aacute;c chi&ecirc;u b&agrave;i m&ecirc; ho&#7863c. Ph&aacute;p &ndash; &#273&acirc;y l&agrave; c&aacute;i thua thi&#7879t c&#7911a th&#7921c d&acirc;n ph&#432&#417ng T&acirc;y &ndash; v&aacute;c th&#7889ng ch&#7871 Petain, qu&#7889c tr&#432&#7903ng do ph&aacute;t x&iacute;t &#272&#7913c c&ocirc;ng nh&#7853n, l&agrave;m bi&#7875u t&#432&#7907ng v&#7899i b&agrave;i &ldquo;Marechal, nous voila&rdquo; (&ldquo;Th&#7889ng ch&#7871 &#417i, ch&uacute;ng t&ocirc;i &#273&acirc;y&rdquo;) v&agrave; &ldquo;Nh&#7919ng l&#7901i n&oacute;i c&#7911a Th&#7889ng ch&#7871&rdquo; h&ocirc; h&agrave;o ba kh&#7849u hi&#7879u: C&#7847n lao &ndash; Gia &#273&igrave;nh &ndash; T&#7893 qu&#7889c v&agrave; d&#7845y l&ecirc;n phong tr&agrave;o &ldquo;Kh&#7887e v&igrave; n&#432&#7899c&rdquo; do trung t&aacute; Ducouroy ph&#7909 tr&aacute;ch. Nh&#7853t &ndash; &#432u th&#7871 h&#417n &ndash; gi&#432&#417ng ng&#7885n c&#7901 &ldquo;&#273&#7891ng ch&#7911ng da v&agrave;ng&rdquo; v&agrave; thuy&#7871t &ldquo;&#272&#7841i &#272&ocirc;ng &Aacute;&rdquo;, t&ocirc; h&#7891ng cho C&#432&#7901ng &#272&#7875. C&aacute;c ph&aacute;t th&acirc;n Nh&#7853t m&#7903 r&#7897ng d&#7847n &#7843nh h&#432&#7903ng, ch&#7911 y&#7871u qua c&aacute;c t&ocirc;n gi&aacute;o. T&#7901 T&acirc;n &Aacute; do &#273&aacute;m th&acirc;n Nh&#7853t bi&ecirc;n t&#7853p, c&#361ng thu h&uacute;t &#273&#432&#7907c m&#7897t s&#7889 nh&acirc;n s&#297, tr&iacute; th&#7913c b&#7903i gh&eacute;t Ph&aacute;p.</span></span></div> <div style="text-align: justify;">&nbsp;</div> <div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">S&#7889 sinh vi&ecirc;n Vi&#7879t Nam, m&#7897t l&agrave; n&#7863ng t&igrave;nh qu&ecirc; h&#432&#417ng, mu&#7889n l&agrave;m c&aacute;i g&igrave; &#273&oacute; cho n&#432&#7899c nh&agrave;; hai l&agrave; n&oacute;i chung kh&ocirc;ng &#432a Nh&#7853t; ba l&agrave; ch&#7883u &#7843nh h&#432&#7903ng c&#7911a nh&#7919ng ng&#432&#7901i c&#7897ng s&#7843n v&agrave; c&#7911a Vi&#7879t Minh &ndash; t&#7853p h&#7907p th&agrave;nh phong tr&agrave;o, ph&aacute;t kh&#7903i t&#7915 H&agrave; N&#7897i sau t&#7887a r&#7897ng ra c&aacute;c n&#417i, nh&#7845t l&agrave; S&agrave;i G&ograve;n. B&#7845y gi&#7901, trung t&acirc;m &#273&#7841i h&#7885c c&#7843 &#272&ocirc;ng D&#432&#417ng l&agrave; H&agrave; N&#7897i, &nbsp;cho n&ecirc;n S&agrave;i G&ograve;n d&ugrave; l&agrave; th&agrave;nh ph&#7889 l&#7899n nh&#7845t &#272&ocirc;ng D&#432&#417ng, ch&#432a c&oacute; tr&#432&#7901ng &#273&#7841i h&#7885c. S&#7889 sinh vi&ecirc;n qu&ecirc; S&agrave;i G&ograve;n v&agrave; Nam B&#7897 &#273&atilde; &ldquo;Nam ti&#7871n&rdquo;, mang t&#432 t&#432&#7903ng c&aacute;ch m&#7841ng, c&#7843 ch&#432&#417ng tr&igrave;nh c&#7911a Vi&#7879t Minh, v&agrave;o Nam, ph&#7893 bi&#7871n trong c&aacute;c t&#7893 ch&#7913c h&#7885c sinh trung h&#7885c. S&#7889 &ldquo;Nam ti&#7871n&rdquo; &#273&oacute; th&agrave;nh n&ograve;ng c&#7889t m&agrave; &#273&#7843ng b&#7897 t&#7841i ch&#7895 h&#432&#7899ng d&#7851n th&acirc;m nh&#7853p v&agrave;o c&aacute;c phong tr&agrave;o v&#259n h&oacute;a &ndash; x&atilde; h&#7897i v&agrave; phong tr&agrave;o &ldquo;c&#7913u tr&#7907 mi&#7873n B&#7855c &#272&ocirc;ng D&#432&#417ng&rdquo; &#273ang b&#7883 &#273&oacute;i n&#7863ng. T&#7915ng &#273o&agrave;n xe &#273&#7841p th&#7891 &#7841o ra Phan Thi&#7871t v&agrave; h&#7885c sinh Nam Trung B&#7897 chuy&#7875n ti&#7871p, &#273&#432a g&#7841o &#273&#7871n ph&iacute;a B&#7855c, d&#432&#7899i bom &#273&#7841n c&#7911a &#272&#7891ng Minh&hellip;</span></span></div> <div style="text-align: justify;">&nbsp;</div> <div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Sau Nh&#7853t &#273&#7843o ch&aacute;nh Ph&aacute;p, th&#7871 tr&#7853n &#7903 &#272&ocirc;ng &Aacute; v&agrave; Th&aacute;i B&igrave;nh D&#432&#417ng th&#7921c s&#7921 &#273&atilde; &#273&#7843o l&#7897n. Ng&agrave;y c&aacute;o chung c&#7911a &#273&#7871 ch&#7871 Nh&#7853t &#273&atilde; &#273&#432&#7907c b&aacute;o tr&#432&#7899c.</span></span></div> <div style="text-align: justify;">&nbsp;</div> <div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">&#272&#7843ng b&#7897 &#272&#7843ng C&#7897ng s&#7843n n&#7855m th&#7901i c&#417 n&agrave;y, d&#7921a v&agrave;o phong tr&agrave;o y&ecirc;u n&#432&#7899c &aacute;p &#273&#7843o, d&ugrave;ng danh ngh&#297a Thanh ni&ecirc;n Ti&#7873n phong th&#7921c hi&#7879n m&#7897t cu&#7897c t&#7853p h&#7907p l&#7899n. G&#7885i &ldquo;Thanh ni&ecirc;n Ti&#7873n phong&rdquo;, s&#7921 th&#7853t &#273&oacute; l&agrave; m&#7897t phong tr&agrave;o qu&#7847n ch&uacute;ng g&#7891m &#273&#7911 l&#7913a tu&#7893i, huy &#273&#7897ng m&#7897t l&#7921c l&#432&#7907ng ch&#432a t&#7915ng c&oacute; trong l&#7883ch s&#7917 c&aacute;ch m&#7841ng S&agrave;i G&ograve;n v&agrave; Nam B&#7897 ti&#7871n l&ecirc;n. K&#7871t qu&#7843 cu&#7897c t&#7893ng bi&#7875u d&#432&#417ng l&#7921c l&#432&#7907ng &#273&ecirc;m 24 v&agrave; 25/8/1945 cho ph&eacute;p m&#7897t ch&iacute;nh quy&#7873n Vi&#7879t Minh thi&#7871t l&#7853p &#7903 v&ugrave;ng c&#7921c k&#7923 xung y&#7871u n&agrave;y. V&#7899i c&#7855p m&#7855t ph&acirc;n t&iacute;ch l&#7883ch s&#7917, kh&ocirc;ng m&#7897t ai trong ch&uacute;ng ta kh&ocirc;ng th&#7845y &yacute; &#273&#7883nh chi&#7871m Nam b&#7897 th&agrave;nh ph&#7847n &#273&#7845t c&#7911a ph&#432&#417ng T&acirc;y &ndash; &yacute; &#273&#7883nh &#273&oacute; kh&ocirc;ng ch&#7881 c&#7911a th&#7921c d&acirc;n Ph&aacute;p m&agrave; c&#7843 M&#7929. Ta t&#7921 h&#7887i, &#273i&#7873u g&igrave; s&#7869 x&#7843y ra &#273&#7889i v&#7899i s&#7921 to&agrave;n v&#7865n l&atilde;nh th&#7893 c&#7911a Vi&#7879t Nam khi Nam B&#7897 - m&agrave; trung t&acirc;m l&agrave; S&agrave;i G&ograve;n &ndash; v&#7851n n&#7857m trong tay &#273&#7871 qu&#7889c? &#272&#7841i th&#7855ng m&ugrave;a xu&acirc;n n&#259m 1975 m&#7899i gi&#7843i quy&#7871t g&#7885n s&#7921 to&agrave;n v&#7865n l&atilde;nh th&#7893 n&agrave;y.</span></span></div> <div style="text-align: justify;">&nbsp;</div> <div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">M&#361i xung k&iacute;ch ch&#7889ng &aacute;ch th&#7921c d&acirc;n c&#7911a &#273&#7871 qu&#7889c n&oacute;i chung v&agrave; chia c&#7855t &#273&#7845t n&#432&#7899c n&oacute;i ri&ecirc;ng &#273&#432&#7907c ph&aacute;t kh&#7903i v&agrave; hun &#273&uacute;c t&#7915 S&agrave;i G&ograve;n &ndash; 300 n&#259m tr&#432&#7899c &#273&atilde; l&agrave; m&#7897t tr&#7845n c&#7911a n&#432&#7899c &#272&#7841i Vi&#7879t. Trong m&#361i xung k&iacute;ch &#7845y, thanh ni&ecirc;n v&agrave; h&#7885c sinh &ndash; sinh vi&ecirc;n lu&ocirc;n l&agrave; &#273&#7897i ti&ecirc;n phong.</span></span></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Tuy nhi&ecirc;n, ph&#7843i &#273&#7907i &#273&#7871n n&#259m 1950. T&#7841i sao?</span></span></div> <div style="text-align: justify;">&nbsp;</div> <div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">N&#259m 1950, cu&#7897c kh&aacute;ng chi&#7871n ch&#7889ng th&#7921c d&acirc;n Ph&aacute;p c&#7911a nh&acirc;n d&acirc;n Nam b&#7897 &#273&atilde; &#273&#432&#7907c n&#259m n&#259m. Phong tr&agrave;o y&ecirc;u n&#432&#7899c &#7903 S&agrave;i G&ograve;n li&ecirc;n t&#7909c ph&aacute;t tri&#7875n, thu h&uacute;t ng&agrave;y c&agrave;ng r&#7897ng nh&#7919ng ng&#432&#7901i mong mu&#7889n Ph&aacute;p ch&#7845m d&#7913t chi&#7871n tranh, th&#432&#417ng l&#432&#7907ng v&#7899i ch&iacute;nh ph&#7911 c&#7909 H&#7891. Sau khi ch&iacute;nh s&aacute;ch &ldquo;Nam k&#7923 qu&#7889c&rdquo; nh&#7857m ph&acirc;n ly Nam b&#7897 ra kh&#7887i Vi&#7879t Nam b&#7883 th&#7845t b&#7841i, Ph&aacute;p s&#7917 d&#7909ng l&#7841i con b&agrave;i B&#7843o &#272&#7841i l&#7841c long c&ugrave;ng v&#7899i m&#7897t ch&iacute;nh ph&#7911 g&#7885i l&agrave; qu&#7889c gia. Nh&#432ng, kh&#7843 n&#259ng k&eacute;o d&agrave;i chi&#7871n tranh c&#7911a Ph&aacute;p suy gi&#7843m h&#7859n, ch&iacute;nh ph&#7911 Ph&aacute;p ph&#7843i d&#7921a v&agrave;o t&agrave;i ch&iacute;nh c&#7911a M&#7929 v&agrave; ph&#7843i nh&acirc;n nh&#432&#7907ng cho M&#7929 nhi&#7873u quy&#7873n l&#7907i t&#7841i Vi&#7879t Nam. Nh&#432 v&#7853y, m&#7897t k&#7867 th&ugrave; m&#7899i c&#7911a nh&acirc;n d&acirc;n Vi&#7879t Nam &#273&atilde; c&ocirc;ng khai xu&#7845t hi&#7879n.</span></span></div> <div style="text-align: justify;">&nbsp;</div> <div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">V&#7873 m&#7863t l&#7921c l&#432&#7907ng h&#7885c sinh &ndash; sinh vi&ecirc;n, trong v&ograve;ng 5 n&#259m, v&#7899i trung t&acirc;m &#273&#7841i h&#7885c to&agrave;n &#272&ocirc;ng D&#432&#417ng tri&#7875n khai &#7903 S&agrave;i G&ograve;n, s&#7889 l&#432&#7907ng h&#7885c sinh c&#7845p III v&agrave; sinh vi&ecirc;n t&#259ng l&ecirc;n r&otilde; r&#7879t. Ch&#7883u &#7843nh h&#432&#7903ng cu&#7897c kh&aacute;ng chi&#7871n chung v&agrave; phong tr&agrave;o y&ecirc;u n&#432&#7899c &#7903 th&agrave;nh ph&#7889, h&#7885c sinh v&agrave; sinh vi&ecirc;n S&agrave;i G&ograve;n ng&agrave;y c&agrave;ng t&#7887 r&otilde; th&aacute;i &#273&#7897 ch&#7889ng Ph&aacute;p, d&#432&#7899i r&#7845t nhi&#7873u d&#7841ng. Gi&#7919a l&uacute;c &#7845y, v&#7909 s&aacute;t h&#7841i h&#7885c sinh Tr&#7847n V&#259n &#416n x&#7843y ra, l&#7853p t&#7913c ng&#7885n l&#7917a b&#7845y l&acirc;u c&ograve;n ph&acirc;n t&aacute;n, nay b&ugrave;ng l&ecirc;n th&agrave;nh m&#7897t bi&#7875n l&#7917a. Ch&#7881 m&#7897t th&#7901i gian ng&#7855n sau &#273&oacute;, hai chi&#7871c t&agrave;u chi&#7871n M&#7929 l&#7841i khi&ecirc;u kh&iacute;ch d&acirc;n ch&uacute;ng S&agrave;i G&ograve;n. N&#7871u phong tr&agrave;o Tr&#7847n V&#259n &#416n 9/1 ch&#7911 y&#7871u l&agrave; phong tr&agrave;o c&#7911a h&#7885c sinh th&igrave; cu&#7897c b&ugrave;ng n&#7893 ng&agrave;y 19/3 quy t&#7909 m&#7897t s&#7889 l&#432&#7907ng ng&#432&#7901i tham gia &#273&ocirc;ng &#273&#7843o &#273&#7871n m&#7913c ch&#7881 x&#7871p sau ng&agrave;y T&#7893ng kh&#7903i ngh&#297a th&aacute;ng T&aacute;m. &#272&oacute; l&agrave; phong tr&agrave;o c&#7911a c&aacute;c gi&#7899i nh&acirc;n d&acirc;n S&agrave;i G&ograve;n, do c&aacute;c tr&iacute; th&#7913c v&agrave; nh&acirc;n s&#297 ti&ecirc;u bi&#7875u nh&#7845t &#273&#7913ng &#273&#7847u, do &#273&#7843ng b&#7897 th&agrave;nh ph&#7889 l&atilde;nh &#273&#7841o m&agrave; l&#7921c l&#432&#7907ng xung k&iacute;ch l&agrave; c&#7843 h&#7885c sinh l&#7851n sinh vi&ecirc;n. Kh&#7849u hi&#7879u, l&#7847n &#273&#7847u ti&ecirc;n &#7903 Vi&#7879t Nam t&#7853p trung ch&#7889ng M&#7929.</span></span></div> <div style="text-align: justify;">&nbsp;</div> <div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">C&oacute; th&#7875 xem phong tr&agrave;o h&#7885c sinh &ndash; sinh vi&ecirc;n S&agrave;i G&ograve;n t&#7915 1945 &#273&#7871n 1950 v&#432&#7907t qua m&#7897t t&#7847ng n&#7845c v&#7873 ch&#7845t l&#432&#7907ng &ndash; t&#7915 phong tr&agrave;o mang nhi&#7873u y&#7871u t&#7889 t&#7921 &#273&#7897ng chuy&#7875n th&agrave;nh m&#7897t phong tr&agrave;o t&#7921 gi&aacute;c, c&oacute; t&#7893 ch&#7913c v&agrave; &#273&#432&#7907c l&atilde;nh &#273&#7841o th&agrave;nh m&#7897t b&#7897 ph&#7853n c&#7911a c&aacute;ch m&#7841ng trong l&ograve;ng &#273&#7883ch, &#7843nh h&#432&#7903ng &#273&#7871n nhi&#7873u th&#7871 h&#7879 v&agrave; nhi&#7873u &#273&#7841i ph&#432&#417ng &#7903 mi&#7873n Nam, t&aacute;c &#273&#7897ng kh&ocirc;ng nh&#7887 v&agrave;o d&#432 lu&#7853n qu&#7889c t&#7871. T&#7845t nhi&ecirc;n, tr&#7885ng &#273i&#7875m c&#7911a phong tr&agrave;o h&#7885c sinh &ndash; sinh vi&ecirc;n th&agrave;nh ph&#7889 v&#7851n l&agrave; cu&#7897c chi&#7871n &#273&#7845u ch&#7889ng M&#7929 k&eacute;o d&agrave;i 20 n&#259m, trong &#273&oacute; h&agrave;ng ngh&igrave;n s&#7921 vi&#7879c, h&agrave;ng v&#7841n con ng&#432&#7901i bi&#7875u tr&#432ng cho kh&iacute; ph&aacute;ch c&#7911a l&#7899p tr&#7867 th&agrave;nh ph&#7889, kh&iacute; ph&aacute;ch h&#7885c sinh &ndash; sinh vi&ecirc;n trong th&#7901i &#273&#7841i H&#7891 Ch&iacute; Minh.</span></span></div> <div style="text-align: justify;">&nbsp;</div> <div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Bi&ecirc;n ni&ecirc;n s&#7917 c&#7911a phong tr&agrave;o &#273&oacute;ng khung trong 25 n&#259m (1950 &ndash; 1975) d&agrave;y &#273&#7863c nh&#7919ng s&#7921 t&iacute;ch ph&#7843n &aacute;nh ch&#7845t huy&#7873n tho&#7841i trong tinh th&#7847n x&#7843 th&acirc;n v&igrave; ngh&#297a l&#7899n c&#7911a l&#7899p tr&#7867.</span></span></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div style="text-align: right;">&nbsp;</div> <div style="text-align: right;"><strong><font face="Arial" size="2">TR&#7846N B&#7840CH &#272&#7856NG</font></strong></div> <div style="text-align: right;"><em><strong style="font-size: 12px;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">12/1999</span></span></strong></em></div> <div style="text-align: right;"><em><strong><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">(Tr&iacute;ch t&#7915 s&aacute;ch: T&#7915 x&#7871p b&uacute;t nghi&ecirc;ng l&ecirc;n &#273&agrave;ng &#273&#7871n xu&#7889ng &#273&#432&#7901ng d&#7853y m&agrave; &#273i)</span></span></strong></em></div> <div style="text-align: right;">&nbsp;</div> </meta> </div> </html>

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