Có một nền văn minh Xô-viết

<html> <head> <meta http-equiv='Content-Type' content='text/html; charset=utf-8'> <title> </title> </head> <div>&nbsp;</div> <table cellspacing="3" cellpadding="3" width="1" align="right" border="0" style="color: rgb(0, 7, 17); font-family: arial; font-size: 12px; text-align: justify;"> <tbody> <tr> <td><img class="avatar" src="http://www.xaydungdang.org.vn/Stories/Story.axd?ID=7859" style="padding: 0px 0px 3px;" alt="" /></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <div><span id="ctl02_chCenter_DP29_PM29_lblTeaser" class="text" style="text-align: justify; font-weight: bold; font-size: 12px; font-family: arial; color: rgb(0, 7, 17);"><br /> </span><br style="color: rgb(0, 7, 17); font-family: arial; font-size: 12px; text-align: justify;" /> <span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 255);"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: 12px; font-weight: bold;">K&#7927 ni&#7879m 97 n&#259m C&aacute;ch m&#7841ng Th&aacute;ng M&#432&#7901i Nga (7-11-1917-7-11-2014).</span></span></div> <p align="justify" style="color: rgb(0, 7, 17); font-family: arial; font-size: 12px; text-align: justify;"><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">C&oacute; m&#7897t s&#7921 th&#7853t hi&#7875n nhi&ecirc;n l&agrave; Li&ecirc;n X&ocirc; xu&#7845t hi&#7879n l&agrave;m rung chuy&#7875n th&#7871 gi&#7899i.&nbsp; Sau 74 n&#259m t&#7891n t&#7841i, Li&ecirc;n X&ocirc; bi&#7871n m&#7845t l&agrave;m c&#7843 th&#7871 gi&#7899i b&#7845t ng&#7901, kinh ng&#7841c. S&#7921 tan r&atilde; c&#7911a m&#7897t c&#432&#7901ng qu&#7889c h&ugrave;ng c&#432&#7901ng v&agrave;o b&#7853c nh&#7845t th&#7871 gi&#7899i &#273&#432&#417ng &#273&#7841i v&#7851n &#273ang l&agrave; v&#7845n &#273&#7873 l&agrave;m ch&uacute;ng ta suy t&#432, tr&#259n tr&#7903.</font></p> <div align="justify" style="color: rgb(0, 7, 17); font-family: arial; font-size: 12px; text-align: justify;">&nbsp;</div> <p align="justify" style="color: rgb(0, 7, 17); font-family: arial; font-size: 12px; text-align: justify;"><i><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">N&#7873n v&#259n minh X&ocirc;-vi&#7871t &#273&atilde; xu&#7845t hi&#7879n trong l&#7883ch s&#7917 nh&#432 th&#7871 n&agrave;o?</font></i></p> <div align="justify" style="color: rgb(0, 7, 17); font-family: arial; font-size: 12px; text-align: justify;">&nbsp;</div> <p align="justify" style="color: rgb(0, 7, 17); font-family: arial; font-size: 12px; text-align: justify;"><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">Ch&#7871 &#273&#7897 qu&acirc;n ch&#7911 chuy&ecirc;n ch&#7871 n&#432&#7899c Nga tr&#432&#7899c C&aacute;ch m&#7841ng Th&aacute;ng M&#432&#7901i 1917 &#273&atilde; duy tr&igrave; nh&#7919ng t&agrave;n t&iacute;ch c&#7911a th&#7901i trung c&#7893, ch&uacute;ng k&igrave;m h&atilde;m s&#7913c s&#7843n xu&#7845t l&agrave;m cho n&#432&#7899c Nga v&#7851n &#7903 trong v&ugrave;ng th&#7845p nh&#7845t, ngo&#7841i vi c&#7911a c&aacute;c n&#432&#7899c t&#432 b&#7843n ph&aacute;t tri&#7875n ch&acirc;u &Acirc;u. N&#432&#7899c Nga Sa ho&agrave;ng c&ugrave;ng v&#7899i giai c&#7845p th&#432&#7907ng l&#432u b&oacute;c l&#7897t d&acirc;n ch&uacute;ng, &#259n ch&#417i sa &#273&#7885a v&agrave; theo &#273u&#7893i m&#7897t cu&#7897c chi&#7871n tranh t&agrave;n kh&#7889c v&#7899i c&aacute;c n&#432&#7899c &#273&#7871 qu&#7889c &#273&#7875 tranh gi&agrave;nh thu&#7897c &#273&#7883a. M&acirc;u thu&#7851n trong x&atilde; h&#7897i Nga &#273&atilde; t&#7899i m&#7913c t&#7897t &#273&#7881nh, qu&#7847n ch&uacute;ng lao &#273&#7897ng kh&ocirc;ng ch&#7883u n&#7893i, &#273&ograve;i h&#7887i ph&#7843i &#273&#432&#7907c gi&#7843i quy&#7871t. V.I.L&ecirc;-nin ch&#7881 r&otilde;: Cu&#7897c c&aacute;ch m&#7841ng &#273&oacute; t&#7845t y&#7871u s&#7869 n&#7893 ra, tr&#432&#7899c m&#7855t n&oacute; &ldquo;l&agrave;m m&#7897t nhi&#7879m v&#7909 d&acirc;n ch&#7911 t&#432 s&#7843n: x&oacute;a b&#7887 nh&#7919ng t&agrave;n d&#432 c&#7911a th&#7901i trung c&#7893, v&#297nh vi&#7877n ti&ecirc;u di&#7879t nh&#7919ng t&agrave;n d&#432 &#7845y, qu&eacute;t s&#7841ch kh&#7887i n&#432&#7899c Nga c&aacute;i hi&#7879n t&#432&#7907ng d&atilde; man, c&aacute;i &ocirc; nh&#7909c &#7845y, c&aacute;i &#273&atilde; h&#7871t s&#7913c k&igrave;m h&atilde;m m&#7885i v&#259n h&oacute;a, m&#7885i ti&#7871n b&#7897 trong &#273&#7845t n&#432&#7899c ta&rdquo;(1). Khi gi&#7843i quy&#7871t nh&#7919ng nhi&#7879m v&#7909 l&#7883ch s&#7917 &#7845y, cu&#7897c C&aacute;ch m&#7841ng Th&aacute;ng M&#432&#7901i Nga xu&#7845t hi&#7879n nh&#432 m&#7897t b&#432&#7899c ti&#7871n m&#7899i c&#7911a n&#7873n v&#259n minh nh&acirc;n lo&#7841i. Tr&#432&#7899c C&aacute;ch m&#7841ng Th&aacute;ng M&#432&#7901i Nga h&#417n m&#7897t th&#7871 k&#7927, cu&#7897c c&aacute;ch m&#7841ng t&#432 s&#7843n Ph&aacute;p n&#7893 ra m&#7903 &#273&#432&#7901ng cho nh&#7919ng n&#432&#7899c v&#259n minh &#272&#7913c, Anh, M&#7929&hellip; ra &#273&#7901i, &#273&#432&#7907c coi l&agrave; m&#7897t cu&#7897c &#273&#7841i c&aacute;ch m&#7841ng trong l&#7883ch s&#7917 v&#259n minh nh&acirc;n lo&#7841i; nh&#432ng c&aacute;i &ldquo;chu&#7891ng ng&#7921a &aacute;p-phi&rdquo; (t&#7915 V.I.L&ecirc;-nin d&ugrave;ng theo m&#7897t th&agrave;nh ng&#7919 &#273&#7875 ch&#7881 t&igrave;nh tr&#7841ng h&#7895n lo&#7841n, l&#7897n x&#7897n v&agrave; b&#7849n th&#7881u) trong c&aacute;c n&#432&#7899c &#273&oacute; th&igrave; cho t&#7899i th&#7901i &#273i&#7875m n&#7893 ra C&aacute;ch m&#7841ng Th&aacute;ng M&#432&#7901i Nga h&#7885 c&#361ng ch&#432a th&#7911 ti&ecirc;u &#273&#432&#7907c m&#7897t c&aacute;ch tri&#7879t &#273&#7875. N&#432&#7899c Nga c&oacute; quy&#7873n t&#7921 h&agrave;o l&agrave; &ldquo;&#273&#7913ng v&#7873 m&#7863t &#7843nh h&#432&#7903ng &#273&#7889i v&#7899i qu&#7847n ch&uacute;ng nh&acirc;n d&acirc;n, &#273&#7889i v&#7899i &#273&ocirc;ng &#273&#7843o qu&#7847n ch&uacute;ng nh&acirc;n d&acirc;n m&agrave; x&eacute;t, th&igrave; so v&#7899i &#273&#7841i c&aacute;ch m&#7841ng Ph&aacute;p&hellip; ch&uacute;ng ta &#273&atilde; l&agrave;m cu&#7897c t&#7849y r&#7917a &#273&oacute; m&#7897t c&aacute;ch ki&ecirc;n quy&#7871t, nhanh ch&oacute;ng v&agrave; m&#7841nh d&#7841n h&#417n nhi&#7873u, c&oacute; k&#7871t qu&#7843 v&agrave; s&acirc;u r&#7897ng h&#417n nhi&#7873u&rdquo;(2).</font></p> <div align="justify" style="color: rgb(0, 7, 17); font-family: arial; font-size: 12px; text-align: justify;">&nbsp;</div> <p align="justify" style="color: rgb(0, 7, 17); font-family: arial; font-size: 12px; text-align: justify;"><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">C&oacute; th&#7875 kh&#7859ng &#273&#7883nh, C&aacute;ch m&#7841ng Th&aacute;ng M&#432&#7901i Nga l&agrave; cu&#7897c &#272&#7841i c&aacute;ch m&#7841ng &#7903 th&#7871 k&#7927 XX, n&oacute; &#273&atilde; xu&#7845t hi&#7879n v&#7899i t&#432 c&aacute;ch l&agrave; m&#7897t n&#7873n v&#259n minh m&#7899i, &#7903 m&#7913c ph&aacute;t tri&#7875n cao h&#417n. Ch&#7881 l&#7845y ri&ecirc;ng m&#7897t ti&ecirc;u ch&iacute; c&#7911a n&#7873n v&#259n minh &#273&#7875 so s&aacute;nh: gi&#7843i ph&oacute;ng ph&#7909 n&#7919. &#272&acirc;y l&agrave; v&#7845n &#273&#7873 l&#7899n v&igrave; n&oacute; l&agrave; th&#432&#7899c &#273o tr&igrave;nh &#273&#7897 ph&aacute;t tri&#7875n c&#7911a x&atilde; h&#7897i. Nh&#7901 c&oacute; cu&#7897c C&aacute;ch m&#7841ng Th&aacute;ng M&#432&#7901i m&agrave; &ldquo;&#7903 n&#432&#7899c Nga&hellip; kh&ocirc;ng c&ograve;n c&aacute;i hi&#7879n t&#432&#7907ng h&egrave;n h&#7841, &ocirc; nh&#7909c v&agrave; b&#7881 &#7893i l&agrave;: ph&#7909 n&#7919 kh&ocirc;ng c&oacute; quy&#7873n v&agrave; kh&ocirc;ng &#273&#432&#7907c b&igrave;nh &#273&#7859ng - c&aacute;i t&agrave;n d&#432 &#273&aacute;ng gh&eacute;t c&#7911a ch&#7871 &#273&#7897 n&ocirc;ng n&ocirc; v&agrave; c&#7911a th&#7901i trung c&#7893&rdquo;(3).</font></p> <div align="justify" style="color: rgb(0, 7, 17); font-family: arial; font-size: 12px; text-align: justify;">&nbsp;</div> <p align="justify" style="color: rgb(0, 7, 17); font-family: arial; font-size: 12px; text-align: justify;"><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">B&agrave; J.Sten-s&#417n, nh&agrave; s&#7917 h&#7885c M&#7929 k&#7875 r&#7857ng: Qu&ecirc; h&#432&#417ng t&ocirc;i c&oacute; t&#432&#7907ng n&#7919 th&#7847n T&#7921 do c&#7911a n&#432&#7899c Ph&aacute;p t&#7863ng. Nguy&#7877n T&#7845t Th&agrave;nh &#273&#7871n Niu-o&oacute;c c&#361ng &#273&atilde; &#273&#7871n &#273&acirc;y, v&agrave; m&#7885i ch&iacute;nh kh&aacute;ch, sau khi &#273&#7871n tham quan t&#432&#7907ng th&#7847n T&#7921 do &#273&#7873u ghi c&#7843m t&#432&#7903ng b&#7857ng nh&#7919ng l&#7901i ca ng&#7907i ng&ocirc;i sao t&#7887a s&aacute;ng tr&ecirc;n v&ograve;ng nguy&#7879t qu&#7871 l&agrave; &aacute;nh s&aacute;ng t&#7921 do&hellip; Duy ch&#7881 c&oacute; Nguy&#7877n T&#7845t Th&agrave;nh khi &#273&#7871n xem th&#7847n T&#7921 do nh&#432ng nh&igrave;n xu&#7889ng ch&acirc;n t&#432&#7907ng v&agrave; ghi: &aacute;nh s&aacute;ng tr&ecirc;n &#273&#7847u th&#7847n T&#7921 do t&#7887a r&#7897ng kh&#7855p tr&#7901i xanh, c&ograve;n d&#432&#7899i ch&acirc;n t&#432&#7907ng th&#7847n T&#7921 do th&igrave; ng&#432&#7901i da &#273en &#273ang b&#7883 ch&agrave; &#273&#7841p. Bao gi&#7901 ng&#432&#7901i da &#273en &#273&#432&#7907c b&igrave;nh &#273&#7859ng v&#7899i ng&#432&#7901i da tr&#7855ng? Bao gi&#7901 c&oacute; s&#7921 b&igrave;nh &#273&#7859ng gi&#7919a c&aacute;c d&acirc;n t&#7897c? V&agrave; bao gi&#7901 ph&#7909 n&#7919 &#273&#432&#7907c b&igrave;nh &#273&#7859ng v&#7899i nam gi&#7899i? C&aacute;ch m&#7841ng Th&aacute;ng M&#432&#7901i Nga n&#259m 1917 &#273&atilde; tr&#7843 l&#7901i nh&#7919ng c&acirc;u h&#7887i c&#7911a Nguy&#7877n T&#7845t Th&agrave;nh (sau n&agrave;y l&agrave; Ch&#7911 t&#7883ch H&#7891 Ch&iacute; Minh), h&igrave;nh th&agrave;nh m&#7897t ch&iacute;nh th&#7875 m&#7899i: C&#7897ng h&ograve;a XHCN X&ocirc;-vi&#7871t, v&#7899i t&#432 c&aacute;ch l&agrave; m&#7897t n&#7873n v&#259n minh m&#7899i - n&#7873n v&#259n minh X&ocirc;-vi&#7871t, trong &#273&oacute; m&#7885i ng&#432&#7901i &#273&#432&#7907c b&igrave;nh &#273&#7859ng v&#7899i m&#7897t h&igrave;nh th&#7913c c&#7845u tr&uacute;c l&agrave; Nh&agrave; n&#432&#7899c li&ecirc;n bang tr&ecirc;n m&#7897t l&atilde;nh th&#7893 r&#7897ng v&agrave; t&#7891n t&#7841i trong g&#7847n su&#7889t th&#7871 k&#7927 XX.</font></p> <div align="justify" style="color: rgb(0, 7, 17); font-family: arial; font-size: 12px; text-align: justify;">&nbsp;</div> <p align="justify" style="color: rgb(0, 7, 17); font-family: arial; font-size: 12px; text-align: justify;"><i><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">N&#7873n v&#259n minh X&ocirc;-vi&#7871t &#273&atilde; tr&#7843i qua nh&#7919ng giai &#273o&#7841n l&#7883ch s&#7917 n&agrave;o?</font></i></p> <div align="justify" style="color: rgb(0, 7, 17); font-family: arial; font-size: 12px; text-align: justify;">&nbsp;</div> <p align="justify" style="color: rgb(0, 7, 17); font-family: arial; font-size: 12px; text-align: justify;"><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">Trong cu&#7897c C&aacute;ch m&#7841ng Th&aacute;ng M&#432&#7901i Nga n&#259m 1917, l&#7847n &#273&#7847u ti&ecirc;n trong l&#7883ch s&#7917 nh&acirc;n lo&#7841i, nh&#7919ng ng&#432&#7901i lao &#273&#7897ng, c&#417 b&#7843n l&agrave; c&ocirc;ng nh&acirc;n v&agrave; n&ocirc;ng d&acirc;n, bi&#7871t li&ecirc;n minh ch&#7863t ch&#7869 v&#7899i nhau, do m&#7897t &#273&#7843ng c&aacute;ch m&#7841ng ch&acirc;n ch&iacute;nh c&#7911a giai c&#7845p c&ocirc;ng nh&acirc;n l&atilde;nh &#273&#7841o, d&ugrave;ng s&#7913c m&#7841nh qu&#7847n ch&uacute;ng &#273&#7853p tan nh&agrave; n&#432&#7899c c&#7911a giai c&#7845p t&#432 s&#7843n. Nh&atilde;n hi&#7879u nh&agrave; n&#432&#7899c c&#7911a d&acirc;n, do d&acirc;n, v&igrave; d&acirc;n m&agrave; giai c&#7845p t&#432 s&#7843n ghi tr&ecirc;n ng&#7885n c&#7901 c&#7911a n&oacute; ch&#7881 l&agrave; nh&agrave; n&#432&#7899c c&#7911a m&#7897t thi&#7875u s&#7889 d&acirc;n c&#432 - nh&#7919ng ng&#432&#7901i h&#7919u s&#7843n gi&agrave;u c&oacute; - d&ugrave;ng &#273&#7875 m&#7883 d&acirc;n, b&#7843o v&#7879 l&#7907i &iacute;ch c&#417 b&#7843n c&#7911a h&#7885. Nh&agrave; n&#432&#7899c X&ocirc;-vi&#7871t hi&#7879n th&#7921c ho&aacute; nh&#7919ng &#273i&#7873u t&#7889t &#273&#7865p m&agrave; giai c&#7845p t&#432 s&#7843n n&oacute;i nh&#432ng ch&#432a th&#7853t t&acirc;m l&agrave;m. V.I.L&ecirc;-nin &#273&atilde; g&#7885i nh&agrave; n&#432&#7899c X&ocirc;-vi&#7871t l&agrave; Nh&agrave; n&#432&#7899c c&#7911a s&#7889 &#273&ocirc;ng, do s&#7889 &#273&ocirc;ng v&agrave; v&igrave; s&#7889 &#273&ocirc;ng. Nh&agrave; n&#432&#7899c &#7845y c&ocirc;ng khai tuy&ecirc;n b&#7889 v&agrave; th&#7921c hi&#7879n quy&#7873n l&agrave;m ch&#7911 tr&ecirc;n th&#7921c t&#7871 c&#7911a t&#7845t c&#7843 m&#7885i ng&#432&#7901i lao &#273&#7897ng, quy&#7873n b&igrave;nh &#273&#7859ng, t&#7921 quy&#7871t d&acirc;n t&#7897c v&agrave; b&igrave;nh &#273&#7859ng nam n&#7919&hellip;</font></p> <div align="justify" style="color: rgb(0, 7, 17); font-family: arial; font-size: 12px; text-align: justify;">&nbsp;</div> <p align="justify" style="color: rgb(0, 7, 17); font-family: arial; font-size: 12px; text-align: justify;"><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">Nh&#432ng kh&ocirc;ng ph&#7843i c&aacute;ch m&#7841ng th&agrave;nh c&ocirc;ng th&igrave; t&#7915 m&#7897t c&#417 &#273&#7891 &#273&#7893 n&aacute;t v&agrave; t&agrave;n ph&#7871 do ch&#7871 &#273&#7897 c&#361 &#273&#7875 l&#7841i b&#7895ng ch&#7889c &#273&atilde; h&oacute;a thi&ecirc;n &#273&#432&#7901ng. Th&ugrave; trong, gi&#7863c ngo&agrave;i &#273e d&#7885a b&oacute;p ch&#7871t n&#432&#7899c Nga X&ocirc;-vi&#7871t tr&#7867 tu&#7893i. Tr&#432&#7899c t&igrave;nh h&igrave;nh &#273&oacute;, V.I.L&ecirc;-nin k&ecirc;u g&#7885i: Ch&uacute;ng ta &#273&atilde; gi&agrave;nh &#273&#432&#7907c ch&iacute;nh quy&#7873n, nay c&agrave;ng ph&#7843i quy&#7871t t&acirc;m b&#7843o v&#7879 th&agrave;nh qu&#7843 &#7845y&hellip; Ch&iacute;nh s&aacute;ch c&#7897ng s&#7843n th&#7901i chi&#7871n &#273&#432&#7907c ban b&#7889 nh&#432 l&agrave; m&#7897t gi&#7843i ph&aacute;p t&igrave;nh th&#7871 b&#7855t bu&#7897c t&#7845t c&#7843 nh&#7919ng ng&#432&#7901i lao &#273&#7897ng ph&#7843i hy sinh, ch&#7883u &#273&#7921ng kham kh&#7893 &#273&#7875 d&#7891n s&#7913c ng&#432&#7901i, s&#7913c c&#7911a cho tr&#7853n quy&#7871t chi&#7871n sinh t&#7917 b&#7843o v&#7879 ch&iacute;nh quy&#7873n. Ng&#432&#7901i d&acirc;n &#273&atilde; &#7911ng h&#7897, &#273&#7891ng thu&#7853n c&ugrave;ng &#272&#7843ng trong cu&#7897c &#273&#7845u tranh anh d&#361ng, ngoan c&#432&#7901ng v&agrave; kh&ocirc;ng c&acirc;n s&#7913c &#273&oacute; &#273&#7875 gi&agrave;nh th&#7855ng l&#7907i. Ch&iacute;nh s&aacute;ch c&#7897ng s&#7843n th&#7901i chi&#7871n &#273&#432&#7907c k&eacute;o d&agrave;i v&agrave; &aacute;p d&#7909ng c&#7843 trong th&#7901i b&igrave;nh v&#7899i mong m&#7887i ch&#7911 quan l&agrave; chuy&#7875n ngay v&agrave; tr&#7921c ti&#7871p l&ecirc;n giai &#273o&#7841n x&acirc;y d&#7921ng ch&#7911 ngh&#297a c&#7897ng s&#7843n. V.I.L&ecirc;-nin th&#7915a nh&#7853n &#272&#7843ng C&#7897ng s&#7843n &#273&atilde; m&#7855c sai l&#7847m v&agrave; th&#7845t b&#7841i &#273au &#273&#7899n. &ldquo;Th&#7845t b&#7841i &#273&oacute; &#273&atilde; bi&#7875u hi&#7879n &#7903 ch&#7895 l&agrave; ch&iacute;nh s&aacute;ch kinh t&#7871 c&#7911a ta l&acirc;m v&agrave;o t&igrave;nh tr&#7841ng &#7903 th&#432&#7907ng t&#7847ng c&#7911a n&oacute;, b&#7883 t&aacute;ch r&#7901i c&#417 s&#7903 v&agrave; kh&ocirc;ng d&#7851n &#273&#7871n vi&#7879c ph&aacute;t tri&#7875n l&#7921c l&#432&#7907ng s&#7843n xu&#7845t. Ch&#7871 &#273&#7897 tr&#432ng thu l&#432&#417ng th&#7921c th&#7915a &#7903 n&ocirc;ng th&ocirc;n, c&aacute;ch gi&#7843i quy&#7871t nh&#7919ng nhi&#7879m v&#7909 x&acirc;y d&#7921ng &#7903 th&agrave;nh th&#7883, m&#7897t c&aacute;ch tr&#7921c ti&#7871p theo ch&#7911 ngh&#297a c&#7897ng s&#7843n nh&#432 th&#7871, &#273&atilde; l&agrave;m tr&#7903 ng&#7841i cho vi&#7879c ph&aacute;t tri&#7875n l&#7921c l&#432&#7907ng s&#7843n xu&#7845t v&agrave; &#273&atilde; l&agrave; nguy&ecirc;n nh&acirc;n ch&#7911 y&#7871u g&acirc;y n&ecirc;n cu&#7897c kh&#7911ng ho&#7843ng kinh t&#7871 v&agrave; ch&iacute;nh tr&#7883 s&acirc;u s&#7855c m&agrave; ch&uacute;ng ta v&#7845p ph&#7843i h&#7891i m&ugrave;a xu&acirc;n 1921. Cho n&ecirc;n &#273&#7913ng v&#7873 m&#7863t &#273&#432&#7901ng l&#7889i v&agrave; ch&iacute;nh s&aacute;ch c&#7911a ch&uacute;ng ta m&agrave; x&eacute;t&hellip; kh&ocirc;ng th&#7875 g&#7885i m&#7897t c&aacute;ch n&agrave;o kh&aacute;c h&#417n l&agrave; s&#7921 th&#7845t b&#7841i n&#7863ng n&#7873&rdquo;(4). S&#7921 th&ocirc;ng minh c&#7911a m&#7897t &#272&#7843ng c&aacute;ch m&#7841ng ch&acirc;n ch&iacute;nh l&agrave; bi&#7871t nh&#7853n ra sai l&#7847m v&agrave; c&oacute; k&#7871 ho&#7841ch &#273&#7875 mau ch&oacute;ng kh&#7855c ph&#7909c. Ch&iacute;nh s&aacute;ch kinh t&#7871 m&#7899i (NEP) &#273&atilde; &#273&#432&#7907c &#273&#7873 ra &#273&#7891ng th&#7901i v&#7899i c&aacute;c nhi&#7879m v&#7909 c&#7845p b&aacute;ch l&agrave; thanh &#273&#7843ng. &ldquo;C&#7847n ph&#7843i &#273u&#7893i ngay ra kh&#7887i &#272&#7843ng nh&#7919ng k&#7867 gian gi&#7843o, nh&#7919ng &#273&#7843ng vi&ecirc;n c&#7897ng s&#7843n &#273&atilde; quan li&ecirc;u h&oacute;a, kh&ocirc;ng trung th&#7921c, nhu nh&#432&#7907c v&agrave; nh&#7919ng ng&#432&#7901i men-s&ecirc;-v&iacute;ch tuy &ldquo;b&#7873 ngo&agrave;i&rdquo; &#273&atilde; &#273&#432&#7907c ph&#7911 m&#7897t l&#7899p s&#417n m&#7899i, nh&#432ng trong t&acirc;m h&#7891n th&igrave; v&#7851n l&agrave; men-s&ecirc;-v&iacute;ch&rdquo;(5). &#272&#7891ng th&#7901i, ch&#7845n ch&#7881nh b&#7897 m&aacute;y nh&agrave; n&#432&#7899c, tinh g&#7885n c&aacute;c &#273&#7847u m&#7889i, gi&#7843m b&#7899t c&aacute;c th&#7911 t&#7909c h&agrave;nh ch&iacute;nh&hellip; N&#259m 1924, tr&#432&#7899c khi qua &#273&#7901i, V.I.L&ecirc;-nin &#273&atilde; nh&#7853n &#273&#7883nh t&igrave;nh h&igrave;nh th&#7871 gi&#7899i &#273ang &#273&#7913ng tr&#432&#7899c m&#7897t th&#7843m h&#7885a c&#7911a cu&#7897c chi&#7871n tranh th&#7871 gi&#7899i m&#7899i, c&oacute; th&#7875 t&agrave;n kh&#7889c h&#417n th&#7871 chi&#7871n I (1914-1918). D&#7921 &#273o&aacute;n c&#7911a Ng&#432&#7901i &#273&atilde; &#273&uacute;ng. Ch&#7911 ngh&#297a ph&aacute;t-x&iacute;t &#273e d&#7885a n&#7873n h&ograve;a b&igrave;nh d&acirc;n ch&#7911 tr&ecirc;n th&#7871 gi&#7899i, ch&#7871 &#273&#7897 X&ocirc;-vi&#7871t l&#7841i &#273&#7913ng tr&#432&#7899c nguy c&#417 c&#7911a s&#7921 s&#7889ng c&ograve;n. &#272&#7843ng C&#7897ng s&#7843n Li&ecirc;n X&ocirc; &#273&atilde; ph&aacute;t &#273&#7897ng &#273&#432&#7907c tinh th&#7847n y&ecirc;u n&#432&#7899c c&#7911a to&agrave;n d&acirc;n v&#7899i quy&#7871t t&acirc;m x&acirc;y d&#7921ng v&agrave; b&#7843o v&#7879 T&#7893 qu&#7889c. Nh&#7901 v&#7853y, Li&ecirc;n X&ocirc; &#273&atilde; mau ch&oacute;ng tr&#7903 th&agrave;nh m&#7897t c&#432&#7901ng qu&#7889c. Khi &#273&#7841i chi&#7871n th&#7871 gi&#7899i th&#7913 II n&#7893 ra. Li&ecirc;n X&ocirc; &#273&atilde; l&agrave; m&#7897t l&#7921c l&#432&#7907ng quan tr&#7885ng, g&oacute;p ph&#7847n quy&#7871t &#273&#7883nh, c&ugrave;ng &#273&#7891ng minh &#273&aacute;nh b&#7841i ch&#7911 ngh&#297a ph&aacute;t-x&iacute;t, b&#7843o v&#7879 v&#7919ng ch&#7855c n&#7873n &#273&#7897c l&#7853p c&#7911a m&igrave;nh, &#273&#7891ng th&#7901i t&#7841o &#273i&#7873u ki&#7879n thu&#7853n l&#7907i cho vi&#7879c ra &#273&#7901i h&agrave;ng lo&#7841t c&aacute;c n&#432&#7899c d&acirc;n ch&#7911 nh&acirc;n d&acirc;n tr&ecirc;n th&#7871 gi&#7899i, trong &#273&oacute; c&oacute; Vi&#7879t Nam.</font></p> <div align="justify" style="color: rgb(0, 7, 17); font-family: arial; font-size: 12px; text-align: justify;">&nbsp;</div> <p align="justify" style="color: rgb(0, 7, 17); font-family: arial; font-size: 12px; text-align: justify;"><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">Cu&#7897c chi&#7871n tranh ch&#7889ng ch&#7911 ngh&#297a ph&aacute;t-x&iacute;t l&agrave; cu&#7897c &#273&#7845u tranh v&#297 &#273&#7841i nh&#7845t trong l&#7883ch s&#7917 c&#7911a n&#7873n v&#259n minh nh&acirc;n lo&#7841i ch&#7889ng b&#7841o t&agrave;n. Li&ecirc;n X&ocirc; l&agrave; n&#432&#7899c g&oacute;p ph&#7847n quy&#7871t &#273&#7883nh l&agrave;m n&ecirc;n chi&#7871n th&#7855ng. V&#7899i s&#7913c m&#7841nh l&ograve;ng y&ecirc;u n&#432&#7899c c&#7911a nh&acirc;n d&acirc;n c&ugrave;ng s&#7921 d&#361ng c&#7843m v&ocirc; song c&#7911a H&#7891ng qu&acirc;n Li&ecirc;n X&ocirc;, s&#7921 s&aacute;ng su&#7889t v&agrave; g&#432&#417ng m&#7851u c&#7911a nh&#7919ng ng&#432&#7901i c&#7897ng s&#7843n, chi&#7871n tranh th&#7871 gi&#7899i th&#7913 II k&#7871t th&uacute;c, Li&ecirc;n X&ocirc; &#273&atilde; th&#7875 hi&#7879n t&#432 th&#7871 c&#7911a m&#7897t qu&#7889c gia h&ugrave;ng m&#7841nh, c&#7911a m&#7897t ch&#7871 &#273&#7897 c&oacute; v&#259n h&oacute;a, v&#259n minh v&agrave;o b&#7853c nh&#7845t th&#7871 gi&#7899i &#273&#432&#417ng &#273&#7841i. &#272&oacute; l&agrave; m&#7897t s&#7921 th&#7853t kh&ocirc;ng th&#7875 ph&#7911 nh&#7853n.</font></p> <div align="justify" style="color: rgb(0, 7, 17); font-family: arial; font-size: 12px; text-align: justify;">&nbsp;</div> <p align="justify" style="color: rgb(0, 7, 17); font-family: arial; font-size: 12px; text-align: justify;"><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">L&agrave; m&#7897t n&#432&#7899c ch&#7911 y&#7871u trong phe &#273&#7891ng minh &#273&aacute;nh b&#7841i ch&#7911 ngh&#297a ph&aacute;t-x&iacute;t, nh&#432ng c&#361ng l&agrave; n&#432&#7899c b&#7883 t&#7893n th&#7845t n&#7863ng n&#7873 nh&#7845t. M&#7863c d&#7847u b&#7883 ki&#7879t qu&#7879 trong cu&#7897c chi&#7871n tranh, Li&ecirc;n X&ocirc; &#273&atilde; ph&aacute;t huy ch&#7911 ngh&#297a anh h&ugrave;ng c&aacute;ch m&#7841ng trong chi&#7871n tranh sang x&acirc;y d&#7921ng th&#7901i b&igrave;nh. &#272&#7871n &#273&#7847u nh&#7919ng n&#259m 70 c&#7911a th&#7871 k&#7927 tr&#432&#7899c l&agrave; giai &#273o&#7841n Li&ecirc;n X&ocirc; &#273&#7841t m&#7913c ph&aacute;t tri&#7875n cao nh&#7845t v&agrave; c&oacute; v&#7883 th&#7871 ch&#432a t&#7915ng c&oacute; trong l&#7883ch s&#7917, t&#7893ng s&#7843n l&#432&#7907ng c&ocirc;ng nghi&#7879p Li&ecirc;n X&ocirc; &#273&atilde; t&#259ng 321 l&#7847n, thu nh&#7853p qu&#7889c d&acirc;n t&#259ng 112 l&#7847n. N&#259m 1975, ch&#7881 c&#7847n 2 ng&agrave;y r&#432&#7905i, Li&ecirc;n X&ocirc; &#273&atilde; s&#7843n xu&#7845t ra l&#432&#7907ng s&#7843n ph&#7849m b&#7857ng c&#7843 n&#259m 1917 (n&#259m cao nh&#7845t c&#7911a &#273&#7871 qu&#7889c Nga c&#361), s&#7843n l&#432&#7907ng c&ocirc;ng nghi&#7879p chi&#7871m 20% th&#7871 gi&#7899i, ch&#7881 &#273&#7913ng sau M&#7929. N&#259m 1953, Li&ecirc;n X&ocirc; &#273&atilde; ch&#7871 t&#7841o &#273&#432&#7907c qu&#7843 bom khinh kh&iacute; d&#7877 v&#7853n chuy&#7875n &#273&#7847u ti&ecirc;n tr&ecirc;n th&#7871 gi&#7899i. B&#7889n n&#259m sau, v&#7879 tinh nh&acirc;n t&#7841o c&#7911a tr&aacute;i &#273&#7845t mang h&igrave;nh qu&#7889c huy Li&ecirc;n X&ocirc; ph&oacute;ng th&agrave;nh c&ocirc;ng v&agrave;o v&#361 tr&#7909. Li&ecirc;n X&ocirc; l&agrave; n&#432&#7899c d&#7851n &#273&#7847u th&#7871 gi&#7899i v&#7873 tr&igrave;nh &#273&#7897 h&#7885c v&#7845n t&#7841i th&#7853p ni&ecirc;n 70 c&#7911a th&#7871 k&#7927 tr&#432&#7899c v&#7899i g&#7847n 3/4 c&ocirc;ng d&acirc;n c&oacute; tr&igrave;nh &#273&#7897 &#273&#7841i h&#7885c v&agrave; trung h&#7885c. Li&ecirc;n X&ocirc; &#273&atilde; c&oacute; &#273&#432&#7907c v&#7883 tr&iacute; d&#7851n &#273&#7847u th&#7871 gi&#7899i v&#7873 khoa h&#7885c v&#361 tr&#7909, &#273i&#7879n h&#7841t nh&acirc;n, luy&#7879n kim, c&ocirc;ng ngh&#7879 qu&#7889c ph&ograve;ng... Li&ecirc;n X&ocirc; tr&#7903 th&agrave;nh &#273&#7889i tr&#7885ng c&acirc;n b&#7857ng v&#7899i kh&#7889i t&#432 b&#7843n ch&#7911 ngh&#297a do M&#7929 &#273&#7913ng &#273&#7847u v&agrave; l&agrave; ngu&#7891n vi&#7879n tr&#7907 ch&iacute;nh cho c&aacute;c phong tr&agrave;o gi&#7843i ph&oacute;ng d&acirc;n t&#7897c tr&ecirc;n th&#7871 gi&#7899i.</font></p> <div align="justify" style="color: rgb(0, 7, 17); font-family: arial; font-size: 12px; text-align: justify;">&nbsp;</div> <p align="justify" style="color: rgb(0, 7, 17); font-family: arial; font-size: 12px; text-align: justify;"><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">Th&#7901i k&#7923 tr&igrave; tr&#7879 d&#7851n &#273&#7871n kh&#7911ng ho&#7843ng r&otilde; nh&#7845t l&agrave; t&#7915 1975-1985. &#272&acirc;y l&agrave; th&#7901i k&#7923 m&agrave; nh&#7919ng m&acirc;u thu&#7851n c&#7911a x&atilde; h&#7897i Li&ecirc;n X&ocirc; c&oacute; m&#7847m m&#7889ng t&#7915 sau khi Sta-lin qua &#273&#7901i (1953) &#273&atilde; ch&iacute;n mu&#7891i v&agrave; ph&aacute;t t&aacute;c g&acirc;y ra nh&#7919ng h&#7879 qu&#7843 x&#7845u cho n&#7873n kinh t&#7871 v&agrave; &#273&#7901i s&#7889ng t&acirc;m l&yacute;, ch&iacute;nh tr&#7883, x&atilde; h&#7897i c&#7911a nh&acirc;n d&acirc;n. Vi ph&#7841m nghi&ecirc;m tr&#7885ng c&aacute;c nguy&ecirc;n t&#7855c x&acirc;y d&#7921ng &#273&#7843ng, sai l&#7847m trong c&ocirc;ng t&aacute;c c&aacute;n b&#7897. Kinh t&#7871 k&eacute;m ph&aacute;t tri&#7875n, t&#7853p trung quan li&ecirc;u v&agrave; t&#7879 l&#7841m d&#7909ng ch&#7913c quy&#7873n&nbsp; &#273&#7875 tham nh&#361ng kh&ocirc;ng &#273&#432&#7907c ch&#7845n ch&#7881nh &#273&atilde; l&agrave;m suy tho&aacute;i &#273&#7841o &#273&#7913c x&atilde; h&#7897i. C&aacute;n b&#7897 trong c&aacute;c c&#417 quan &#273&#7843ng v&agrave; nh&agrave; n&#432&#7899c t&#7915 tr&ecirc;n xu&#7889ng d&#432&#7899i kh&ocirc;ng c&oacute; s&#7921 gi&aacute;m s&aacute;t c&#7911a nh&acirc;n d&acirc;n. &#272&#7843ng m&#7845t d&#7847n uy t&iacute;n trong nh&acirc;n d&acirc;n&hellip;</font></p> <div align="justify" style="color: rgb(0, 7, 17); font-family: arial; font-size: 12px; text-align: justify;">&nbsp;</div> <p align="justify" style="color: rgb(0, 7, 17); font-family: arial; font-size: 12px; text-align: justify;"><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">T&acirc;m l&yacute; d&acirc;n ch&uacute;ng ch&aacute;n n&#7843n, b&#7845t m&atilde;n tr&#7903 n&ecirc;n th&#7901 &#417 &#273&#7889i v&#7899i c&aacute;c ch&iacute;nh s&aacute;ch c&#7911a &#272&#7843ng v&agrave; Ch&iacute;nh ph&#7911. &#272&#7843ng v&agrave; nh&acirc;n d&acirc;n, nh&#7845t l&agrave; tr&iacute; th&#7913c, sinh vi&ecirc;n, thanh ni&ecirc;n, c&ocirc;ng nh&acirc;n, n&ocirc;ng d&acirc;n xa r&#7901i nhau. &#272&#7843ng &#273&atilde; bi&#7871n th&agrave;nh &#273&#7889i t&#432&#7907ng b&#7883 ph&ecirc; ph&aacute;n, o&aacute;n tr&aacute;ch&hellip; C&aacute;c m&acirc;u thu&#7851n d&acirc;n t&#7897c c&agrave;ng ng&agrave;y c&agrave;ng s&acirc;u s&#7855c, xu&#7845t hi&#7879n nhi&#7873u c&#259ng h&#7859ng gi&#7919a c&aacute;c d&acirc;n t&#7897c, gi&#7919a c&aacute;c n&#432&#7899c c&#7897ng h&ograve;a v&agrave; trong n&#7897i b&#7897 t&#7915ng n&#432&#7899c.</font></p> <div align="justify" style="color: rgb(0, 7, 17); font-family: arial; font-size: 12px; text-align: justify;">&nbsp;</div> <p align="justify" style="color: rgb(0, 7, 17); font-family: arial; font-size: 12px; text-align: justify;"><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">N&#259m 1985, Li&ecirc;n X&ocirc; b&#7855t &#273&#7847u ti&#7871n h&agrave;nh ch&iacute;nh s&aacute;ch c&#7843i t&#7893 v&agrave; c&ocirc;ng khai h&oacute;a. Nh&#432ng nh&#7919ng n&#7895 l&#7921c c&#7843i c&aacute;ch &#273&atilde; kh&ocirc;ng thu &#273&#432&#7907c k&#7871t qu&#7843 nh&#432 mong &#273&#7907i. Kh&#7911ng ho&#7843ng xu&#7845t hi&#7879n v&agrave; tr&#7903 n&ecirc;n s&acirc;u s&#7855c: C&aacute;c t&#7893 ch&#7913c v&agrave; tr&agrave;o l&#432u d&acirc;n t&#7897c ch&#7911 ngh&#297a xu&#7845t hi&#7879n ng&agrave;y c&agrave;ng nhi&#7873u v&agrave; c&oacute; xu h&#432&#7899ng ly khai, ch&#7889ng l&#7841i Nh&agrave; n&#432&#7899c li&ecirc;n bang, &#273&ograve;i &#273&#7897c l&#7853p. Ng&agrave;y 25-12-1991, Li&ecirc;n X&ocirc; ch&iacute;nh th&#7913c ch&#7845m d&#7913t s&#7921 t&#7891n t&#7841i. Tr&ecirc;n b&igrave;nh di&#7879n th&#7871 gi&#7899i, s&#7921 s&#7909p &#273&#7893 c&#7911a Li&ecirc;n X&ocirc; khi&#7871n ph&#432&#417ng T&acirc;y kh&ocirc;ng c&ograve;n m&#7897t &#273&#7889i tr&#7885ng &#273&#7911 m&#7841nh, th&#7871 gi&#7899i ng&agrave;y nay v&#7851n c&ograve;n xa m&#7899i c&oacute; th&#7875 g&#7885i l&agrave; an to&agrave;n. Li&ecirc;n X&ocirc; kh&ocirc;ng c&ograve;n n&#7919a. Nh&#432ng nh&#7919ng b&agrave;i h&#7885c r&uacute;t ra t&#7915 th&agrave;nh c&ocirc;ng c&#361ng nh&#432 th&#7845t b&#7841i c&#7911a n&oacute; v&#7851n c&ograve;n l&agrave; nh&#7919ng gi&aacute; tr&#7883 l&acirc;u d&agrave;i.</font></p> <div align="justify" style="color: rgb(0, 7, 17); font-family: arial; font-size: 12px; text-align: justify;">&nbsp;</div> <p align="justify" style="color: rgb(0, 7, 17); font-family: arial; font-size: 12px; text-align: justify;"><i><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">Nh&#7919ng b&agrave;i h&#7885c l&#7883ch s&#7917</font></i></p> <div align="justify" style="color: rgb(0, 7, 17); font-family: arial; font-size: 12px; text-align: justify;">&nbsp;</div> <p align="justify" style="color: rgb(0, 7, 17); font-family: arial; font-size: 12px; text-align: justify;"><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">B&agrave;i h&#7885c to l&#7899n nh&#7845t m&agrave; c&aacute;c &#273&#7843ng c&#7897ng s&#7843n c&#7847m quy&#7873n c&#7847n ph&#7843i kh&#7855c ghi l&agrave; ph&#7843i th&#432&#7901ng xuy&ecirc;n v&agrave; li&ecirc;n t&#7909c kh&#7855c ph&#7909c nh&#7919ng sai l&#7847m v&#7873 l&yacute; lu&#7853n; sai l&#7847m v&#7873 &#273&#432&#7901ng l&#7889i c&#7843i t&#7893, &#273&#7893i m&#7899i; s&#7921 suy tho&aacute;i v&#7873 ch&iacute;nh tr&#7883, t&#432 t&#432&#7903ng, t&#7893 ch&#7913c v&agrave; c&ocirc;ng t&aacute;c nh&acirc;n s&#7921, nh&#7845t l&agrave; vi&#7879c b&#7889 tr&iacute; nh&acirc;n s&#7921 c&#7845p cao, c&#7845p chi&#7871n l&#432&#7907c; l&agrave; kh&ocirc;ng bao gi&#7901 &#273&#432&#7907c &#273&#7875 m&#7845t c&aacute;i ch&igrave;a kh&oacute;a v&#7841n n&#259ng c&#7911a th&agrave;nh c&ocirc;ng l&agrave; d&acirc;n ch&#7911, kh&ocirc;ng &#273&#432&#7907c vi ph&#7841m quy&#7873n l&agrave;m ch&#7911 c&#7911a nh&acirc;n d&acirc;n d&#7851n &#273&#7871n m&#7845t d&#7847n qu&#7847n ch&uacute;ng. B&agrave;i h&#7885c r&uacute;t ra t&#7915 s&#7921 s&#7909p &#273&#7893 c&#7911a Li&ecirc;n X&ocirc; m&#7897t l&#7847n n&#7919a nh&#7855c nh&#7903 &#272&#7843ng ta ghi nh&#7899 nh&#7919ng t&#432 t&#432&#7903ng b&#7845t h&#7911 c&#7911a hai l&atilde;nh t&#7909 ki&#7879t xu&#7845t:</font></p> <div align="justify" style="color: rgb(0, 7, 17); font-family: arial; font-size: 12px; text-align: justify;">&nbsp;</div> <p align="justify" style="color: rgb(0, 7, 17); font-family: arial; font-size: 12px; text-align: justify;"><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">C&aacute;i l&agrave;m ti&ecirc;u vong s&#7921 nghi&#7879p c&#7911a nh&#7919ng ng&#432&#7901i c&#7897ng s&#7843n ch&iacute;nh l&agrave; t&#7879 quan li&ecirc;u, &#259n h&#7889i l&#7897, xa d&acirc;n v&agrave; m&#7845t l&ograve;ng tin c&#7911a nh&acirc;n d&acirc;n (V.I.L&ecirc;-nin).</font></p> <div align="justify" style="color: rgb(0, 7, 17); font-family: arial; font-size: 12px; text-align: justify;">&nbsp;</div> <p align="justify" style="color: rgb(0, 7, 17); font-family: arial; font-size: 12px; text-align: justify;"><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">D&acirc;n ch&#7911 l&agrave; ch&igrave;a kh&oacute;a v&#7841n n&#259ng, l&agrave; g&#7889c r&#7877 c&#7911a th&#7855ng l&#7907i.&nbsp;<b><i>&ldquo;G&#7889c c&oacute; v&#7919ng c&acirc;y m&#7899i b&#7873n/ X&acirc;y l&#7847u th&#7855ng l&#7907i tr&ecirc;n n&#7873n nh&acirc;n d&acirc;n&rdquo;</i></b>&nbsp;(H&#7891 Ch&iacute; Minh).</font></p> <div align="justify" style="color: rgb(0, 7, 17); font-family: arial; font-size: 12px; text-align: justify;">&nbsp;</div> <p style="color: rgb(0, 7, 17); font-family: arial; font-size: 12px; text-align: right;"><font face="Times New Roman" size="3"><b>PGS. Tr&#7847n &#272&igrave;nh Hu&#7923nh, ThS. L&ecirc; Th&#7911y<br /> (Ngu&#7891n: xaydungdan.org.vn)<br /> ----------------------------------</b></font></p> <p style="color: rgb(0, 7, 17); font-family: arial; font-size: 12px; text-align: right;"><i style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: medium; text-align: justify;">(1), (2), (3), (4), (5) V.I. L&ecirc;-nin, to&agrave;n t&#7853p, NXB Ti&#7871n b&#7897, M.1978, t&#7853p 44. tr.179; tr.179; tr.182; tr.199; tr.154.</i></p> </html>

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