Con đường cứu nước thực tiễn Hồ Chí Minh

<html> <head> <meta http-equiv='Content-Type' content='text/html; charset=utf-8'> <title> </title> </head> <div style="text-align: center; "><span style="font-size: small; "><span style="font-family: Arial; "><strong><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 255); ">&nbsp;Con &#273&#432&#7901ng c&#7913u n&#432&#7899c th&#7921c ti&#7877n H&#7891 Ch&iacute; Minh</span></strong></span></span></div> <div><span style="font-size: small; "><span style="font-family: Arial; "><br /> </span></span></div> <div style="text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: small; "><span style="font-family: Arial; "><em>Khi t&#7845t c&#7843 c&aacute;c cu&#7897c kh&#7903i ngh&#297a &#273&#7847u th&#7871 k&#7927 XX &#273&#7873u ph&#7843i h&#7913ng ch&#7883u th&#7845t b&#7841i v&agrave; trong &#273i&#7873u ki&#7879n l&#7883ch s&#7917 d&acirc;n t&#7897c c&#361ng nh&#432 th&#7871 gi&#7899i &#273ang &#273&#7863t ra nh&#7919ng v&#7845n &#273&#7873 th&#7901i &#273&#7841i th&igrave; H&#7891 Ch&iacute; Minh &#273&atilde; xu&#7845t hi&#7879n. Ng&#432&#7901i kh&ocirc;ng ch&#7881 k&#7871 th&#7915a nh&#7919ng truy&#7873n th&#7889ng t&#7889t &#273&#7865p c&#7911a qu&aacute; kh&#7913 d&acirc;n t&#7897c nh&#432 nhi&#7873u nh&agrave; y&ecirc;u n&#432&#7899c kh&aacute;c &#273&#432&#417ng th&#7901i m&agrave; c&ograve;n v&#432&#7907t l&ecirc;n tr&ecirc;n h&#7885, t&igrave;m ra con &#273&#432&#7901ng c&#7913u n&#432&#7899c &#273&uacute;ng &#273&#7855n nh&#7845t, &#273&aacute;p &#7913ng t&#7889t nh&#7845t nh&#7919ng y&ecirc;u c&#7847u ph&aacute;t tri&#7875n c&#7911a l&#7883ch s&#7917 d&acirc;n t&#7897c.</em></span></span></div> <div style="text-align: justify; ">&nbsp;</div> <div style="text-align: center; "><img src="bac-ho-danang-vn.jpg" width="500" height="352" alt="" /></div> <div style="text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: small; "><span style="font-family: Arial; "><br /> </span></span></div> <div style="text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: small; "><span style="font-family: Arial; ">1. Cu&#7897c kh&#7911ng kho&#7843ng &#273&#432&#7901ng l&#7889i &#273&#7847u th&#7871 k&#7927 XX c&#7911a c&aacute;ch m&#7841ng Vi&#7879t Nam, nh&igrave;n m&#7897t c&aacute;ch kh&aacute;i qu&aacute;t c&oacute; th&#7875 r&uacute;t ra hai k&#7871t lu&#7853n: th&#7913 nh&#7845t, b&#7843n th&acirc;n cu&#7897c kh&#7911ng ho&#7843ng kh&#7859ng &#273&#7883nh tinh th&#7847n y&ecirc;u n&#432&#7899c v&agrave; &yacute; ch&iacute; gi&agrave;nh &#273&#7897c l&#7853p kh&ocirc;ng g&igrave; d&#7853p t&#7855t &#273&#432&#7907c c&#7911a nh&acirc;n d&acirc;n Vi&#7879t Nam, v&igrave; n&#7871u nh&acirc;n d&acirc;n ta cam ch&#7883u n&ocirc; l&#7879 th&igrave; &#273&atilde; kh&ocirc;ng c&oacute; cu&#7897c kh&#7911ng ho&#7843ng &#7845y. Th&#7913 hai, t&iacute;nh b&#7845t di&#7879t c&#7911a n&#7873n &#273&#7897c l&#7853p d&acirc;n t&#7897c, trong &#273&oacute; c&aacute;c &#273i&#7873u ki&#7879n l&#7883ch s&#7917 &#273&atilde; h&#7889i th&uacute;c nh&acirc;n d&acirc;n ta ph&#7843i &#273i t&#7899i cu&#7897c c&aacute;ch m&#7841ng gi&#7843i ph&oacute;ng d&acirc;n t&#7897c, th&ocirc;ng qua vi&#7879c l&#7921a ch&#7885n nh&#7919ng gi&#7843i ph&aacute;p l&#7883ch s&#7917 t&iacute;ch c&#7921c mang t&iacute;nh th&#7901i &#273&#7841i.</span></span></div> <div style="text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: small; "><span style="font-family: Arial; "><br /> </span></span></div> <div style="text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: small; "><span style="font-family: Arial; ">N&#7871u b&aacute;m ch&#7855c v&agrave;o c&aacute;c xu h&#432&#7899ng v&#7853n &#273&#7897ng c&#7911a l&#7883ch s&#7917 h&#7891i &#273&#7847u th&#7871 k&#7927 XX th&igrave; th&#7901i cu&#7897c &#273&atilde; thay &#273&#7893i. Kh&aacute;c xa v&#7899i k&#7867 th&ugrave; truy&#7873n th&#7889ng, k&#7867 th&ugrave; m&#7899i c&#7911a d&acirc;n t&#7897c Vi&#7879t Nam l&agrave; ch&#7911 ngh&#297a t&#432 b&#7843n &#273&atilde; tr&#7903 th&agrave;nh ch&#7911 ngh&#297a &#273&#7871 qu&#7889c c&#7845u k&#7871t v&#7899i c&aacute;c th&#7871 l&#7921c ph&#7843n &#273&#7897ng c&#7911a l&#7883ch s&#7917 trung c&#7893, hi&#7879n ra nh&#432 m&#7897t s&#7913c m&#7841nh ti&ecirc;n ti&#7871n h&#417n, hi&#7879n &#273&#7841i h&#417n tr&#432&#7899c m&#7897t n&#432&#7899c Vi&#7879t Nam c&#361 c&#7911a c&aacute;c vua cu&#7889i c&ugrave;ng d&#432&#7899i tri&#7873u Nguy&#7877n. N&#7873n qu&acirc;n ch&#7911 phong ki&#7871n Vi&#7879t Nam v&#7899i th&#7875 ch&#7871 ch&iacute;nh tr&#7883 Nho gi&aacute;o ch&iacute;nh th&#7889ng t&#7915 cu&#7889i th&#7871 k&#7927 XIX &#273&atilde; ho&agrave;n to&agrave;n b&#7845t l&#7921c tr&#432&#7899c ch&#7911 ngh&#297a t&#432 b&#7843n ph&#432&#417ng T&acirc;y. C&oacute; th&#7875 n&oacute;i sai l&#7847m trong ch&iacute;nh s&aacute;ch &#273&#7889i ngo&#7841i c&#7911a tri&#7873u Nguy&#7877n do &#7843nh h&#432&#7903ng c&#7911a t&#432 t&#432&#7903ng ch&iacute;nh tr&#7883 Nho gi&aacute;o &#273&atilde; &#273&#432a &#273&#7845t n&#432&#7899c tr&#432&#7907t &#273i m&#7897t c&aacute;ch ch&#7853m ch&#7841p tr&ecirc;n con &#273&#432&#7901ng suy tho&aacute;i. S&#7921 l&#7897ng l&#7851y b&#7873 ngo&agrave;i c&#7911a c&aacute;c ki&#7871n tr&uacute;c cung &#273&igrave;nh Hu&#7871 che d&#7845u b&ecirc;n trong m&#7897t t&igrave;nh tr&#7841ng &#273&igrave;nh tr&#7879 kinh t&#7871 s&acirc;u s&#7855c, m&#7897t ch&#7911 ngh&#297a d&acirc;n t&#7897c b&#7843o th&#7911 c&#7921c &#273oan v&agrave; x&#417 c&#7913ng. &#272&oacute; c&#361ng l&agrave; t&igrave;nh tr&#7841ng chung c&#7911a nh&#7919ng qu&#7889c gia ch&#7883u &#7843nh h&#432&#7903ng c&#7911a t&#432 t&#432&#7903ng ch&iacute;nh tr&#7883 Trung Qu&#7889c truy&#7873n th&#7889ng &#273ang &#7903 v&agrave;o th&#7901i &#273i&#7875m kh&ocirc;ng th&#7875 &#273&aacute;p &#7913ng &#273&#432&#7907c v&#7899i th&#7901i cu&#7897c, b&#7883 &#273&#7897ng v&agrave; l&uacute;ng t&uacute;ng tr&#432&#7899c s&#7913c m&#7841nh v&#7853t ch&#7845t h&oacute;a c&#7911a t&#432 b&#7843n ch&#7911 ngh&#297a ph&#432&#417ng T&acirc;y.</span></span></div> <div style="text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: small; "><span style="font-family: Arial; "><br /> </span></span></div> <div style="text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: small; "><span style="font-family: Arial; ">Tr&#432&#7899c h&agrave;nh &#273&#7897ng x&acirc;m l&#432&#7907c ng&agrave;y c&agrave;ng &#273&#432&#7907c &#273&#7849y m&#7841nh c&#7911a th&#7921c d&acirc;n Ph&aacute;p, sau m&#7897t th&#7901i gian ch&#7889ng c&#7921 y&#7871u &#7899t, nh&agrave; n&#432&#7899c phong ki&#7871n Vi&#7879t Nam &#273&oacute; &#273&atilde; m&#7845t h&#7871t &yacute; ch&iacute; ch&#7889ng ngo&#7841i x&acirc;m v&agrave; ng&agrave;y c&agrave;ng &#273i v&agrave;o con &#273&#432&#7901ng khu&#7845t ph&#7909c &#273&#7847u h&agrave;ng Ph&aacute;p. &Yacute; th&#7913c y&ecirc;u n&#432&#7899c cu&#7889i c&ugrave;ng c&#7911a m&#7897t v&agrave;i &ocirc;ng vua tri&#7873u Nguy&#7877n nh&#432 H&agrave;m Nghi (1884 &ndash; 1885), Th&agrave;nh Th&aacute;i (1889 &ndash; 1907), Duy T&acirc;n (1907 &ndash; 1916) c&#361ng b&#7883 th&#7921c d&acirc;n Ph&aacute;p v&ocirc; hi&#7879u h&oacute;a. C&aacute;c cu&#7897c kh&#7903i ngh&#297a n&ocirc;ng d&acirc;n m&agrave; ti&ecirc;u bi&#7875u l&agrave; kh&#7903i ngh&#297a Y&ecirc;n Th&#7871 do Ho&agrave;ng Hoa Th&aacute;m l&atilde;nh &#273&#7841o k&eacute;o d&agrave;i h&agrave;ng ch&#7909c n&#259m v&agrave; ti&#7871p &#273&#7871n l&agrave; c&aacute;c phong tr&agrave;o &#273&#7845u tranh mang m&agrave;u s&#7855c d&acirc;n ch&#7911 t&#432 s&#7843n &#273&#7873u l&#7847n l&#432&#7907t th&#7845t b&#7841i. Nghi&ecirc;n c&#7913u v&#7873 giai &#273o&#7841n n&agrave;y c&#7911a l&#7883ch s&#7917 Vi&#7879t Nam, nh&agrave; s&#7917 h&#7885c Italia Pino Tagliazudu Perugia nh&#7853n &#273&#7883nh: &ldquo;V&agrave;o th&#7901i &#273&#7841i &#273&oacute; v&#7845n &#273&#7873 ch&#432a th&#7853t r&otilde; r&agrave;ng v&agrave; n&#7871u ch&iacute;nh s&aacute;ch thu&#7897c &#273&#7883a c&#7911a Ph&aacute;p theo g&#432&#417ng ng&#432&#7901i Anh &#273&#7875 cho giai c&#7845p t&#432 s&#7843n b&#7843n x&#7913 m&#7897t kho&#7843ng kh&ocirc;ng gian ph&aacute;t tri&#7875n th&igrave; nh&#7919ng ng&#432&#7901i c&#7843i c&aacute;ch s&#7869 c&oacute; th&#7875 l&agrave; nh&#7919ng ng&#432&#7901i ph&aacute;t ng&ocirc;n &#273&iacute;ch th&#7921c c&#7911a giai c&#7845p &#273&oacute;. Tr&aacute;i l&#7841i, b&#7883 b&oacute;p ngh&#7865t trong tr&#7841ng th&aacute;i y&#7871u &#273u&#7889i v&agrave; l&#7879 thu&#7897c, giai c&#7845p t&#432 s&#7843n Vi&#7879t Nam ph&#7843i &#273&#432&#417ng &#273&#7847u c&aacute;i log&iacute;c t&#432 b&#7843n ch&#7911 ngh&#297a m&agrave; kh&ocirc;ng bao gi&#7901 tr&#7903 th&agrave;nh l&atilde;nh &#273&#7841o d&acirc;n t&#7897c&rdquo; (1).</span></span></div> <div style="text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: small; "><span style="font-family: Arial; "><br /> </span></span></div> <div style="text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: small; "><span style="font-family: Arial; ">X&atilde; h&#7897i Vi&#7879t Nam &#273&#7847u th&#7871 k&#7927 XX &#273&atilde; &#273&#7863t ra nh&#7919ng v&#7845n &#273&#7873 th&#7901i &#273&#7841i c&#7911a d&acirc;n t&#7897c v&agrave; kh&#7855c kho&#7843i trong t&acirc;m t&#432&#7903ng c&aacute;c nh&agrave; c&aacute;ch m&#7841ng khi m&agrave; nh&#7919ng cu&#7897c kh&#7903i ngh&#297a cu&#7889i c&ugrave;ng &#273&#7873u ph&#7843i h&#7913ng ch&#7883u th&#7845t b&#7841i. &#272&acirc;y ch&iacute;nh l&agrave; hi&#7879n th&#7921c x&atilde; h&#7897i, l&agrave; &#273&#7897ng c&#417 th&uacute;c &#273&#7849y xu h&#432&#7899ng v&#7853n &#273&#7897ng m&#7899i c&#7911a l&#7883ch s&#7917 v&agrave; khi n&oacute;i r&#7857ng, d&acirc;n t&#7897c ta &#273&atilde; sinh ra H&#7891 Ch&iacute; Minh, ng&#432&#7901i anh h&ugrave;ng d&acirc;n t&#7897c v&#297 &#273&#7841i ch&iacute;nh l&agrave; theo &yacute; ngh&#297a x&atilde; h&#7897i m&agrave; ti&#7873n &#273&#7873 l&agrave; hi&#7879n th&#7921c &#7845y.</span></span></div> <div style="text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: small; "><span style="font-family: Arial; "><br /> </span></span></div> <div style="text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: small; "><span style="font-family: Arial; ">2. L&#7883ch s&#7917 c&#361ng cho th&#7845y l&agrave; kh&ocirc;ng th&#7875 tr&ocirc;ng c&#7853y v&agrave;o l&#7921c l&#432&#7907ng n&agrave;o kh&aacute;c ngo&agrave;i l&#7921c l&#432&#7907ng c&#7911a nh&acirc;n d&acirc;n ta &#273&#7875 gi&agrave;nh l&#7845y n&#7873n &#273&#7897c l&#7853p d&acirc;n t&#7897c. Nh&#432ng l&#7921c l&#432&#7907ng &#273&oacute; c&ograve;n &#273ang v&#7853n &#273&#7897ng trong c&aacute;c ph&#432&#417ng th&#7913c c&#7893 truy&#7873n. V&#7873 m&#7863t l&yacute; thuy&#7871t, c&oacute; th&#7875 gi&#7843 &#273&#7883nh n&#7871u kh&ocirc;ng c&oacute; s&#7921 xu&#7845t hi&#7879n c&#7911a h&#7885c thuy&#7871t c&aacute;ch m&#7841ng m&aacute;c x&iacute;t &#7903 ch&acirc;u &Acirc;u, n&#7871u kh&ocirc;ng c&oacute; L&ecirc;nin v&agrave; C&aacute;ch m&#7841ng Th&aacute;ng M&#432&#7901i, n&#7871u kh&ocirc;ng c&oacute; h&igrave;nh th&aacute;i Qu&#7889c t&#7871 c&#7911a s&#7921 li&ecirc;n minh v&ocirc; s&#7843n th&#7871 gi&#7899i trong Qu&#7889c t&#7871 th&#7913 ba, th&igrave; k&#7871t qu&#7843 cu&#7897c ra &#273i c&#7911a ng&#432&#7901i thanh ni&ecirc;n y&ecirc;u n&#432&#7899c Nguy&#7877n T&#7845t Th&agrave;nh c&oacute; th&#7875 kh&ocirc;ng d&#7851n t&#7899i s&#7921 xu&#7845t hi&#7879n nh&agrave; c&aacute;ch m&#7841ng Nguy&#7877n &Aacute;i Qu&#7889c. Nh&#432ng l&#7883ch s&#7917 th&igrave; kh&ocirc;ng c&oacute; gi&#7843 &#273&#7883nh m&agrave; l&#7841i ch&#7913ng minh r&#7857ng, trong ho&agrave;n c&#7843nh qu&#7889c t&#7871 nh&#432 v&#7853y, n&#7871u kh&ocirc;ng c&oacute; ng&#432&#7901i con c&#7911a m&#7897t d&acirc;n t&#7897c c&oacute; truy&#7873n th&#7889ng y&ecirc;u n&#432&#7899c nh&#432 d&acirc;n t&#7897c Vi&#7879t Nam m&agrave; ng&#432&#7901i con &#7845y l&#7841i kh&ocirc;ng k&#7871 th&#7915a &#273&#7847y &#273&#7911 truy&#7873n th&#7889ng qu&yacute; b&aacute;u &#273&oacute;, kh&ocirc;ng c&oacute; m&#7897t nh&acirc;n c&aacute;ch l&#7899n lao, m&#7897t tr&iacute; tu&#7879 s&aacute;ng su&#7889t v&agrave; m&#7897t &yacute; ch&iacute; s&#7855t &#273&aacute; quy&#7871t t&igrave;m b&#7857ng &#273&#432&#7907c con &#273&#432&#7901ng c&#7913u n&#432&#7899c th&igrave; l&#7883ch s&#7917 &#273&atilde; kh&ocirc;ng di&#7877n ra nh&#432 n&oacute; v&#7889n c&oacute;.</span></span></div> <div style="text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: small; "><span style="font-family: Arial; "><br /> </span></span></div> <div style="text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: small; "><span style="font-family: Arial; ">Ngay t&#7841i Ph&aacute;p, anh Nguy&#7877n &#273&atilde; m&#7903 m&#7897t &#273&#7897t ph&aacute; kh&#7849u cho con &#273&#432&#7901ng gi&#7843i ph&oacute;ng d&acirc;n t&#7897c Vi&#7879t Nam trong hi&#7879n th&#7921c &#273&#7901i s&#7889ng th&#7871 gi&#7899i &#273&#432&#417ng &#273&#7841i, ti&#7871p c&#7853n &#273&#7871n c&aacute;c ph&#432&#417ng th&#7913c ho&#7841t &#273&#7897ng m&#7899i. S&#7921 th&#7853t l&agrave; b&#7885n th&#7921c d&acirc;n Ph&aacute;p &#7903 &#272&ocirc;ng D&#432&#417ng t&#7887 ra s&#7907 h&atilde;i tr&#432&#7899c c&aacute;c t&#7901 truy&#7873n &#273&#417n v&agrave; s&aacute;ch b&aacute;o c&#7911a nh&agrave; c&aacute;ch m&#7841ng Nguy&#7877n &Aacute;i Qu&#7889c h&#417n l&agrave; c&aacute;c cu&#7897c kh&#7903i ngh&#297a t&#7841i Vi&#7879t Nam m&agrave; v&#7873 c&#259n b&#7843n kh&ocirc;ng kh&aacute;c g&igrave; c&aacute;c cu&#7897c kh&#7903i ngh&#297a ch&#7889ng phong ki&#7871n trong l&#7883ch s&#7917. N&oacute;i cho c&ocirc;ng b&#7857ng th&igrave; b&#7885n ch&uacute;ng t&#7887 ra kh&ocirc;ng lo ng&#7841i l&#7855m tr&#432&#7899c l&#7921c l&#432&#7907ng c&#7911a c&#7909 &#272&#7873 Th&aacute;m, v&#7851n tri&#7875n khai l&agrave;m &#273&#432&#7901ng xe l&#7917a H&agrave; N&#7897i - L&#7841ng S&#417n v&agrave; d&agrave;n x&#7871p m&#7897t cu&#7897c ng&#432ng b&#7855n t&#7841m th&#7901i. Th&#7871 m&agrave;, ch&#7881 m&#7897t t&#7901 &quot;Le Paria&quot; (Ng&#432&#7901i c&ugrave;ng kh&#7893) v&agrave; c&aacute;c ho&#7841t &#273&#7897ng tuy&ecirc;n truy&#7873n c&#7911a nh&agrave; c&aacute;ch m&#7841ng hi&#7879n &#273&#7841i Nguy&#7877n &Aacute;i Qu&#7889c &#273&atilde; l&agrave;m r&uacute;ng &#273&#7897ng m&#7897t lo&#7841t quan ch&#7913c ch&oacute;p bu c&#7911a ch&iacute;nh quy&#7873n th&#7921c d&acirc;n, &#273&#7871n n&#7895i B&#7897 tr&#432&#7903ng B&#7897 Thu&#7897c &#273&#7883a ph&#7843i m&#7901i Nguy&#7877n &Aacute;i Qu&#7889c &#273&#7871n g&#7863p v&agrave; &#273e d&#7885a, &#273&#7891ng th&#7901i c&oacute; c&#7843 m&#7897t m&#7841ng l&#432&#7899i theo d&otilde;i c&aacute;c ho&#7841t &#273&#7897ng c&#7911a Nguy&#7877n &Aacute;i Qu&#7889c - con ng&#432&#7901i ch&#432a c&oacute; m&#7897t t&#7845c s&#7855t trong tay, &ldquo;ch&#7881 d&#7921a v&agrave;o l&#7921c l&#432&#7907ng c&#7911a ch&iacute;nh ngh&#297a v&agrave; c&#7843m t&igrave;nh c&#7911a giai c&#7845p c&ocirc;ng nh&acirc;n Ph&aacute;p, nh&#7845t l&agrave; c&ocirc;ng nh&acirc;n Pa- ri&rdquo; (2).</span></span></div> <div style="text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: small; "><span style="font-family: Arial; "><br /> </span></span></div> <div style="text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: small; "><span style="font-family: Arial; ">Th&#7921c d&acirc;n Ph&aacute;p &#273&atilde; k&#7883p ph&aacute;t hi&#7879n ra m&#7897t ph&aacute;c th&#7843o t&#432&#417ng lai con &#273&#432&#7901ng c&#7913u n&#432&#7899c m&#7899i c&#7911a nh&acirc;n d&acirc;n Vi&#7879t Nam qua c&aacute;c ho&#7841t &#273&#7897ng theo m&#7897t c&aacute;ch th&#7913c m&#7899i c&#7911a Nguy&#7877n &Aacute;i Qu&#7889c. C&aacute;ch th&#7913c hay ph&#432&#417ng th&#7913c &#273&oacute; ch&iacute;nh l&agrave; ph&#432&#417ng th&#7913c th&#7921c ti&#7877n H&#7891 Ch&iacute; Minh &#273&#7843m b&#7843o cho nh&acirc;n d&acirc;n Vi&#7879t Nam gi&agrave;nh l&#7841i quy&#7873n s&#7889ng c&#7911a m&igrave;nh trong b&#7889i c&#7843nh m&#7899i c&#7911a &#273&#7901i s&#7889ng ch&iacute;nh tr&#7883 th&#7871 gi&#7899i hi&#7879n &#273&#7841i, kh&aacute;c v&#7899i con &#273&#432&#7901ng c&#7911a hai c&#7909 Phan hay t&#7845m g&#432&#417ng hy sinh c&#7911a nh&agrave; y&ecirc;u n&#432&#7899c Nguy&#7877n Th&aacute;i H&#7885c v&agrave; c&aacute;c &#273&#7891ng ch&iacute; c&#7911a &ocirc;ng. &#272&oacute; l&agrave; l&yacute; lu&#7853n khoa h&#7885c c&#7911a ch&#7911 ngh&#297a c&#7897ng s&#7843n khoa h&#7885c, l&agrave; c&#432&#417ng l&#297nh v&#7873 m&#7897t ph&#432&#417ng th&#7913c nh&acirc;n lo&#7841i hi&#7879n &#273&#7841i h&#417n, b&#7903i v&igrave; n&oacute; xu&#7845t ph&aacute;t t&#7915 b&#7843n ch&#7845t th&#7921c ti&#7877n c&#7911a nh&acirc;n lo&#7841i. M&aacute;c &#273&atilde; nh&#7845n m&#7841nh r&#7857ng, ng&#432&#7901i c&#7897ng s&#7843n l&agrave; nh&agrave; duy v&#7853t th&#7921c ti&#7877n. L&yacute; lu&#7853n c&aacute;ch m&#7841ng m&agrave; M&aacute;c, &#258ngghen s&aacute;ng t&#7841o ra v&agrave; sau n&agrave;y L&ecirc;nin ph&aacute;t tri&#7875n, l&agrave; m&#7897t ph&#432&#417ng th&#7913c cao h&#417n t&#432 b&#7843n. H&#7841t nh&acirc;n c&#7911a h&#7879 th&#7889ng l&yacute; lu&#7853n &#7845y l&agrave; th&#7921c ti&#7877n, l&agrave; ho&#7841t &#273&#7897ng con ng&#432&#7901i v&agrave; b&#7843n ch&#7845t con ng&#432&#7901i. Ch&iacute;nh &#273i&#7873u n&agrave;y &#273&atilde; l&yacute; gi&#7843i m&#7897t c&aacute;ch ch&iacute;nh x&aacute;c, nh&#7901 tr&#7843i qua th&#7921c ti&#7877n m&agrave; khi b&#7855t g&#7863p ch&#7911 ngh&#297a M&aacute;c - L&ecirc;nin, Nguy&#7877n &Aacute;i Qu&#7889c m&#7863c d&ugrave; ch&#432a h&#7873 &#273&#432&#7907c h&#7885c t&#7853p l&yacute; lu&#7853n c&aacute;ch m&#7841ng M&aacute;c - L&ecirc;nin nh&#432ng &#273&atilde; tin theo ngay L&ecirc;nin v&agrave; Qu&#7889c t&#7871 III, kh&ocirc;ng m&#7897t ch&uacute;t do d&#7921, nh&#432 m&#7897t l&#7869 t&#7921 nhi&ecirc;n (3).</span></span></div> <div style="text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: small; "><span style="font-family: Arial; "><br /> </span></span></div> <div style="text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: small; "><span style="font-family: Arial; ">Nguy&#7877n &Aacute;i Qu&#7889c l&agrave; ng&#432&#7901i y&ecirc;u n&#432&#7899c. Y&ecirc;u n&#432&#7899c &#7903 Nguy&#7877n &Aacute;i Qu&#7889c l&agrave; th&#7871 n&agrave;o? Ngai v&agrave;ng, ho&agrave;ng &#273&#7871 nh&#432 c&aacute;c vua ch&uacute;a tri&#7873u Nguy&#7877n &#432? Hay tr&#7903 th&agrave;nh ch&iacute;nh kh&aacute;ch, th&#7911 l&#297nh, t&#7893ng th&#7889ng? &#7902 Nguy&#7877n &Aacute;i Qu&#7889c, y&ecirc;u n&#432&#7899c l&agrave; y&ecirc;u d&acirc;n, th&#432&#417ng d&acirc;n - y&ecirc;u d&acirc;n nh&#432 y&ecirc;u ch&iacute;nh m&igrave;nh, b&agrave; con m&igrave;nh, y&ecirc;u nh&#7919ng ng&#432&#7901i ngh&egrave;o kh&#7893 nh&#432 m&igrave;nh - m&#7897t ng&#432&#7901i b&#7891i t&agrave;u, qu&eacute;t tuy&#7871t, th&#7907 &#7843nh... M&#7897t ng&#432&#7901i m&#7845t n&#432&#7899c v&agrave; ngh&egrave;o kh&#7893 &#273i l&agrave;m c&aacute;ch m&#7841ng chi&#7871n &#273&#7845u cho s&#7921 thay &#273&#7893i th&acirc;n ph&#7853n n&ocirc; l&#7879 c&#7911a d&acirc;n t&#7897c m&igrave;nh. &#272&acirc;y l&agrave; n&eacute;t ri&ecirc;ng v&#7873 c&#7897i ngu&#7891n c&#7911a nh&agrave; c&aacute;ch m&#7841ng Nguy&#7877n &Aacute;i Qu&#7889c. C&oacute; th&#7875 n&oacute;i, y&ecirc;u n&#432&#7899c v&agrave; th&#432&#417ng d&acirc;n l&agrave; h&agrave;nh trang &#273&#7847u ti&ecirc;n c&#7911a Nguy&#7877n &Aacute;i Qu&#7889c, tr&#432&#7899c khi Ng&#432&#7901i &#273&#7871n v&#7899i ch&#7911 ngh&#297a M&aacute;c nh&#432 ch&iacute;nh Ng&#432&#7901i &#273&atilde; kh&#7859ng &#273&#7883nh: &ldquo;L&uacute;c &#273&#7847u, ch&iacute;nh l&agrave; ch&#7911 ngh&#297a y&ecirc;u n&#432&#7899c, ch&#7913 ch&#432a ph&#7843i l&agrave; ch&#7911 ngh&#297a c&#7897ng s&#7843n &#273&atilde; &#273&#432a t&ocirc;i tin theo L&ecirc;nin, tin theo Qu&#7889c t&#7871 th&#7913 ba. T&#7915ng b&#432&#7899c m&#7897t, trong cu&#7897c &#273&#7845u tranh, v&#7915a nghi&ecirc;n c&#7913u l&yacute; lu&#7853n M&aacute;c - L&ecirc;nin, v&#7915a l&agrave;m c&ocirc;ng t&aacute;c th&#7921c t&#7871, d&#7847n d&#7847n t&ocirc;i hi&#7875u &#273&#432&#7907c r&#7857ng, ch&#7881 c&oacute; ch&#7911 ngh&#297a x&atilde; h&#7897i, ch&#7911 ngh&#297a c&#7897ng s&#7843n m&#7899i gi&#7843i ph&oacute;ng &#273&#432&#7907c c&aacute;c d&acirc;n t&#7897c b&#7883 &aacute;p b&#7913c v&agrave; nh&#7919ng ng&#432&#7901i lao &#273&#7897ng tr&ecirc;n th&#7871 gi&#7899i kh&#7887i &aacute;ch n&ocirc; l&#7879&rdquo; (4).</span></span></div> <div style="text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: small; "><span style="font-family: Arial; "><br /> </span></span></div> <div style="text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: small; "><span style="font-family: Arial; ">Ch&#7911 ngh&#297a M&aacute;c &#273&#7871n t&#7921 nhi&ecirc;n nh&#432ng l&#7841i g&#7855n v&#7899i ch&#7911 ngh&#297a y&ecirc;u n&#432&#7899c, v&#7899i &#273&#7845u tranh giai c&#7845p, g&#7855n gi&#7843i ph&oacute;ng giai c&#7845p v&#7899i gi&#7843i ph&oacute;ng d&acirc;n t&#7897c (5). &#272&acirc;y l&agrave; con &#273&#432&#7901ng ph&aacute;t tri&#7875n b&#7873n v&#7919ng c&#7911a d&acirc;n t&#7897c Vi&#7879t Nam v&igrave; d&acirc;n t&#7897c Vi&#7879t Nam ch&#7881 &#273i con &#273&#432&#7901ng n&agrave;y m&#7899i &#273&#7871n th&#7855ng l&#7907i. Sau n&agrave;y, khi &#273&atilde; gi&agrave;nh &#273&#432&#7907c &#273&#7897c l&#7853p d&acirc;n t&#7897c r&#7891i, trong t&#432 t&#432&#7903ng H&#7891 Ch&iacute; Minh &#273&#7897c l&#7853p d&acirc;n t&#7897c kh&ocirc;ng &#273&#7891ng ngh&#297a v&#7899i bi&#7879t l&#7853p ho&#7863c c&ocirc; l&#7853p v&#7899i th&#7871 gi&#7899i m&agrave; ph&#7843i &#273i &#273&ocirc;i v&#7899i vi&#7879c ch&#7911 &#273&#7897ng m&#7903 r&#7897ng h&#7907p t&aacute;c qu&#7889c t&#7871 tr&ecirc;n c&#417 s&#7903 x&#7917 l&yacute; &#273&uacute;ng &#273&#7855n quan h&#7879 gi&#7919a l&#7907i &iacute;ch qu&#7889c gia d&acirc;n t&#7897c v&#7899i l&#7907i &iacute;ch giai c&#7845p, l&#7907i &iacute;ch qu&#7889c t&#7871. C&oacute; th&#7875 n&oacute;i, d&acirc;n t&#7897c - giai c&#7845p - nh&acirc;n lo&#7841i l&agrave; m&#7897t ch&#7881nh th&#7875 kh&ocirc;ng &#273&#7889i l&#7853p trong t&#432 t&#432&#7903ng - ch&iacute;nh tr&#7883 H&#7891 Ch&iacute; Minh c&#361ng nh&#432 trong to&agrave;n b&#7897 &#273&#432&#7901ng l&#7889i c&aacute;ch m&#7841ng c&#7911a Ng&#432&#7901i. T&#7841i &#272&#7841i h&#7897i XI c&#7911a &#272&#7843ng, t&#432 t&#432&#7903ng n&agrave;y c&#7911a Ng&#432&#7901i ti&#7871p t&#7909c &#273&#432&#7907c &#272&#7843ng ta n&acirc;ng cao v&agrave; kh&#7859ng &#273&#7883nh: &ldquo;Ti&#7871p t&#7909c th&#7921c hi&#7879n t&#7889t ch&#7911 tr&#432&#417ng m&#7903 r&#7897ng ho&#7841t &#273&#7897ng &#273&#7889i ngo&#7841i, ch&#7911 &#273&#7897ng v&agrave; t&iacute;ch c&#7921c h&#7897i nh&#7853p qu&#7889c t&#7871. Th&#7921c hi&#7879n nh&#7845t qu&aacute;n &#273&#432&#7901ng l&#7889i &#273&#7889i ngo&#7841i &#273&#7897c l&#7853p, t&#7921 ch&#7911, &#273a ph&#432&#417ng h&oacute;a, &#273a d&#7841ng h&oacute;a quan h&#7879, gi&#7919 v&#7919ng m&ocirc;i tr&#432&#7901ng h&ograve;a b&igrave;nh, &#7893n &#273&#7883nh cho ph&aacute;t tri&#7875n, h&ograve;a b&igrave;nh, h&#7907p t&aacute;c v&agrave; ph&aacute;t tri&#7875n, b&#7843o v&#7879 v&#7919ng ch&#7855c &#273&#7897c l&#7853p, ch&#7911 quy&#7873n, th&#7889ng nh&#7845t v&agrave; to&agrave;n v&#7865n l&atilde;nh th&#7893, n&acirc;ng cao v&#7883 th&#7871 &#273&#7845t n&#432&#7899c; g&oacute;p ph&#7847n t&iacute;ch c&#7921c v&agrave;o cu&#7897c &#273&#7845u tranh v&igrave; h&ograve;a b&igrave;nh, &#273&#7897c l&#7853p d&acirc;n t&#7897c, d&acirc;n ch&#7911 v&agrave; ti&#7871n b&#7897 x&atilde; h&#7897i tr&ecirc;n th&#7871 gi&#7899i. H&#7907p t&aacute;c b&igrave;nh &#273&#7859ng, c&ugrave;ng c&oacute; l&#7907i v&#7899i t&#7845t c&#7843 c&aacute;c n&#432&#7899c tr&ecirc;n c&#417 s&#7903 nh&#7919ng nguy&ecirc;n t&#7855c c&#417 b&#7843n c&#7911a Hi&#7871n ch&#432&#417ng Li&ecirc;n h&#7907p qu&#7889c v&agrave; Lu&#7853t ph&aacute;p qu&#7889c t&#7871&rdquo; (6).</span></span></div> <div style="text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: small; "><span style="font-family: Arial; "><br /> </span></span></div> <div style="text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: small; "><span style="font-family: Arial; ">3. Sau khi &#273&atilde; th&agrave;nh ng&#432&#7901i c&#7897ng s&#7843n, con &#273&#432&#7901ng c&#7913u n&#432&#7899c &#273&atilde; h&igrave;nh dung trong t&#432 t&#432&#7903ng m&igrave;nh th&igrave; con &#273&#432&#7901ng c&aacute;ch m&#7841ng x&atilde; h&#7897i ch&#7911 ngh&#297a l&agrave; l&#7921a ch&#7885n &#273&#7847u ti&ecirc;n v&agrave; c&#361ng l&agrave; cu&#7889i c&ugrave;ng c&#7911a Nguy&#7877n &Aacute;i Qu&#7889c. Kh&aacute;c v&#7899i Phan B&#7897i Ch&acirc;u, l&#7853p tr&#432&#7901ng &#273&#432&#7907c chuy&#7875n d&#7883ch sau nh&#7919ng th&#7845t b&#7841i, qua nhi&#7873u l&#7921a ch&#7885n, Nguy&#7877n &Aacute;i Qu&#7889c chi&ecirc;m nghi&#7879m, suy ng&#7851m, t&igrave;m ki&#7871m, b&#7855t g&#7863p v&agrave; ch&#7881 l&#7921a ch&#7885n c&oacute; m&#7897t l&#7847n: cu&#7897c c&aacute;ch m&#7841ng x&atilde; h&#7897i ch&#7911 ngh&#297a, cu&#7897c c&aacute;ch m&#7841ng nh&acirc;n d&acirc;n mang t&iacute;nh th&#7901i &#273&#7841i s&acirc;u s&#7855c.</span></span></div> <div style="text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: small; "><span style="font-family: Arial; "><br /> </span></span></div> <div style="text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: small; "><span style="font-family: Arial; ">Vi&#7879c x&aacute;c &#273&#7883nh ch&#7911 th&#7875 c&#7911a c&aacute;ch m&#7841ng l&agrave; nh&acirc;n d&acirc;n, sau &#273&oacute; &#273&#432&#7907c ch&iacute;nh x&aacute;c h&oacute;a l&agrave; nh&acirc;n d&acirc;n lao &#273&#7897ng, tr&#432&#7899c h&#7871t l&agrave; c&ocirc;ng nh&acirc;n v&agrave; n&ocirc;ng d&acirc;n quy &#273&#7883nh to&agrave;n b&#7897 c&aacute;c ho&#7841t &#273&#7897ng c&aacute;ch m&#7841ng c&#7911a Nguy&#7877n &Aacute;i Qu&#7889c trong t&#7845t c&#7843 c&aacute;c giai &#273o&#7841n c&aacute;ch m&#7841ng. Ho&agrave;n thi&#7879n s&#7913 m&#7841ng l&#7883ch s&#7917 &#7845y l&agrave; c&ocirc;ng lao l&#7883ch s&#7917 v&#297 &#273&#7841i c&#7911a Ch&#7911 t&#7883ch H&#7891 Ch&iacute; Minh. &#272&oacute; l&agrave; ph&#432&#417ng th&#7913c c&#417 b&#7843n nh&#7845t l&agrave;m cho cu&#7897c c&aacute;ch m&#7841ng c&#7911a d&acirc;n t&#7897c ta tr&#7903 th&agrave;nh m&#7897t cu&#7897c c&aacute;ch m&#7841ng ti&ecirc;n ti&#7871n c&#7911a th&#7901i &#273&#7841i, l&agrave; ph&#432&#417ng th&#7913c ch&#7911 y&#7871u bi&#7871n d&acirc;n t&#7897c Vi&#7879t Nam th&agrave;nh m&#7897t d&acirc;n t&#7897c hi&#7879n &#273&#7841i, h&ograve;a v&agrave;o d&ograve;ng ti&#7871n h&oacute;a chung c&#7911a nh&acirc;n lo&#7841i. Ch&iacute;nh v&igrave; th&#7871 m&agrave; con &#273&#432&#7901ng H&#7891 Ch&iacute; Minh &#273&atilde; l&#7921a ch&#7885n l&uacute;c n&agrave;o c&#361ng gi&#7919 nguy&ecirc;n &yacute; ngh&#297a th&#7901i s&#7921 trong t&#7845t c&#7843 c&aacute;c giai &#273o&#7841n c&aacute;ch m&#7841ng &#273&atilde; qua v&agrave; s&#7869 t&#7899i. C&oacute; th&#7875 n&oacute;i ng&agrave;y nay n&oacute; tr&#7903 th&agrave;nh n&#7873n t&#7843ng c&#7911a t&#432 duy ch&iacute;nh tr&#7883 v&agrave; &#273&#7883nh h&#432&#7899ng cho c&ocirc;ng cu&#7897c &#273&#7893i m&#7899i &#273ang &#273&#432&#7907c &#273&#7849y m&#7841nh &#7903 n&#432&#7899c ta.</span></span></div> <div style="text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: small; "><span style="font-family: Arial; "><br /> </span></span></div> <div style="text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: small; "><span style="font-family: Arial; ">Khi &#273&#7863t v&#7845n &#273&#7873 x&acirc;y d&#7921ng ch&#7911 th&#7875 m&#7899i c&#7911a c&aacute;ch m&#7841ng l&agrave; nh&acirc;n d&acirc;n lao &#273&#7897ng, l&agrave; c&#7889 k&#7871t c&#7897ng &#273&#7891ng &#7845y th&agrave;nh m&#7897t c&#417 th&#7875 th&#7889ng nh&#7845t, &yacute; th&#7913c r&otilde; r&#7879t ho&#7841t &#273&#7897ng c&#7911a c&#7897ng &#273&#7891ng v&agrave;o m&#7897t xu h&#432&#7899ng v&#7853n &#273&#7897ng chung, l&agrave; m&#7897t nh&agrave; c&aacute;ch m&#7841ng t&#7915ng tr&#7843i, gi&agrave;u kinh nghi&#7879m, Ch&#7911 t&#7883ch H&#7891 Ch&iacute; Minh kh&ocirc;ng bao gi&#7901 &#7843o t&#432&#7903ng trong c&aacute;ch &#273&#7863t v&#7845n &#273&#7873 v&agrave; trong ho&#7841t &#273&#7897ng. C&ocirc;ng vi&#7879c n&agrave;y Ng&#432&#7901i l&agrave;m su&#7889t &#273&#7901i, kh&ocirc;ng l&uacute;c n&agrave;o ng&#7915ng, l&agrave;m t&#7915ng b&#432&#7899c, b&#432&#7899c sau c&oacute; y&ecirc;u c&#7847u, c&aacute;ch th&#7913c cao h&#417n b&#432&#7899c tr&#432&#7899c, d&#7847n d&#7847n &#273&#7871n giai &#273o&#7841n ch&iacute;n mu&#7891i th&igrave; chuy&#7875n nh&#7919ng &#273&#7863c tr&#432ng c&#417 b&#7843n c&#7911a n&oacute; th&agrave;nh m&#7897t h&igrave;nh th&#7913c ch&iacute;nh, m&#7897t ch&#7871 &#273&#7897 ch&iacute;nh tr&#7883 c&oacute; h&igrave;nh th&#7913c ph&aacute;p ch&#7871.</span></span></div> <div style="text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: small; "><span style="font-family: Arial; "><br /> </span></span></div> <div style="text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: small; "><span style="font-family: Arial; ">&#272&#7901i s&#7889ng x&atilde; h&#7897i c&#361ng tu&acirc;n theo t&iacute;nh t&#7845t y&#7871u kh&#7855c nghi&#7879t nh&#432 &#273&#7901i s&#7889ng t&#7921 nhi&ecirc;n nh&#432ng c&oacute; &#273&#7863c th&ugrave; l&agrave; lu&ocirc;n lu&ocirc;n ph&#7843n &aacute;nh k&#7871t qu&#7843 tr&#7921c ti&#7871p c&#7911a ho&#7841t &#273&#7897ng con ng&#432&#7901i. S&#7921 nghi&#7879p gi&agrave;nh &#273&#7897c l&#7853p d&acirc;n t&#7897c, tr&#432&#7899c h&#7871t l&agrave; k&#7871t qu&#7843 ho&#7841t &#273&#7897ng &#273&#7845u tranh c&#7911a to&agrave;n th&#7875 nh&acirc;n d&acirc;n Vi&#7879t Nam, v&#7899i t&#432 c&aacute;ch l&agrave; m&#7897t c&#7897ng &#273&#7891ng d&acirc;n t&#7897c. C&#7897ng &#273&#7891ng &#7845y ch&iacute;nh l&agrave; ch&#7911 th&#7875 ho&#7841t &#273&#7897ng. &#272&oacute; l&agrave; &#273&#7863c tr&#432ng &#273&#7847u ti&ecirc;n c&#7911a m&#7897t cu&#7897c c&aacute;ch m&#7841ng hi&#7879n &#273&#7841i, c&aacute;ch m&#7841ng x&atilde; h&#7897i ch&#7911 ngh&#297a. M&#7889i li&ecirc;n h&#7879 n&#7897i t&#7841i c&#7911a ch&#7911 th&#7875 c&#7897ng &#273&#7891ng l&agrave; c&aacute;c quan h&#7879 x&atilde; h&#7897i m&agrave; b&#7843n ch&#7845t l&agrave; c&aacute;c quan h&#7879 v&#7873 l&#7907i &iacute;ch. Nh&#432ng c&#361ng nh&#432 ch&#7911 th&#7875 c&aacute; nh&acirc;n, ho&#7841t &#273&#7897ng c&#7911a m&#7897t ch&#7911 th&#7875 c&#7897ng &#273&#7891ng c&#361ng ph&#7843i &#273&#432&#7907c th&#7889ng nh&#7845t trong s&#7921 chi ph&#7889i chung c&#7911a m&#7897t c&#417 quan c&oacute; ch&#7913c n&#259ng kh&ocirc;ng kh&aacute;c g&igrave; c&#417 quan th&#7847n kinh trung &#432&#417ng c&#7911a ch&#7911 th&#7875 c&aacute; nh&acirc;n. Tr&igrave;nh &#273&#7897 v&agrave; s&#7913c m&#7841nh ho&#7841t &#273&#7897ng c&#7911a ch&#7911 th&#7875 t&ugrave;y thu&#7897c v&agrave;o t&iacute;nh th&#7889ng nh&#7845t c&oacute; c&#417 c&#7845u v&#7853n h&agrave;nh c&#7911a n&oacute;, m&agrave; n&#7871u kh&ocirc;ng c&oacute; th&igrave; c&#7897ng &#273&#7891ng ng&#432&#7901i s&#7869 kh&ocirc;ng kh&aacute;c g&igrave; b&#7845t k&#7923 m&#7897t ch&#7911ng lo&#7841i n&agrave;o kh&aacute;c. Hi&#7879n th&#7921c c&aacute;ch m&#7841ng &#7903 n&#432&#7899c ta &#273&atilde; kh&#7859ng &#273&#7883nh &#273i&#7873u &#273&oacute;. &#272&#7843ng C&#7897ng s&#7843n Vi&#7879t Nam r&otilde; r&agrave;ng l&agrave; m&#7897t trong nh&#7919ng nguy&ecirc;n nh&acirc;n c&#417 b&#7843n v&agrave; quy&#7871t &#273&#7883nh nh&#7845t d&#7851n t&#7899i th&#7855ng l&#7907i c&#7911a c&aacute;ch m&#7841ng Vi&#7879t Nam, v&#7899i t&#432 c&aacute;ch l&agrave; b&#7897 tham m&#432u to&agrave;n di&#7879n c&#7911a sinh m&#7879nh c&aacute;ch m&#7841ng. Ch&#7911 t&#7883ch H&#7891 Ch&iacute; Minh l&agrave; ng&#432&#7901i &#273&atilde; t&#7841o ra t&#7915 c&#417 th&#7875 x&atilde; h&#7897i c&#7893 truy&#7873n c&#7911a nh&acirc;n d&acirc;n ta b&#7897 tham m&#432u hi&#7879n &#273&#7841i c&#7843 t&#7915 b&#7843n ch&#7845t v&agrave; c&#417 ch&#7871 c&#361ng nh&#432 kh&#7843 n&#259ng v&agrave; ph&#432&#417ng th&#7913c v&#7853n &#273&#7897ng, &#273&#7875 cho &#272&#7843ng g&aacute;nh v&aacute;c &#273&#432&#7907c vai tr&ograve; trung t&acirc;m c&#7911a ch&#7911 th&#7875 c&aacute;ch m&#7841ng v&agrave; ch&iacute;nh Ng&#432&#7901i &#273&atilde; tr&#7921c ti&#7871p r&egrave;n luy&#7879n, l&atilde;nh &#273&#7841o b&#7897 tham m&#432u &#7845y. C&oacute; th&#7875 n&oacute;i Ng&#432&#7901i &#273&atilde; h&oacute;a th&acirc;n v&agrave;o trong ho&#7841t &#273&#7897ng c&#7911a &#272&#7843ng, &#273&#7875 &#273&#7871n l&#432&#7907t m&igrave;nh, &#272&#7843ng l&#7841i h&oacute;a th&acirc;n trong ho&#7841t &#273&#7897ng c&aacute;ch m&#7841ng c&#7911a h&agrave;ng ch&#7909c tri&#7879u ng&#432&#7901i, bi&#7871n &#273&#7893i m&#7897t x&atilde; h&#7897i c&#361 k&#7929, l&#7841c h&#7853u th&agrave;nh m&#7897t x&atilde; h&#7897i m&#7899i m&agrave; xu h&#432&#7899ng ph&aacute;t tri&#7875n l&agrave; kh&ocirc;ng th&#7875 &#273&#7843o ng&#432&#7907c, ph&#7843n &aacute;nh r&otilde; n&eacute;t nh&#7919ng gi&aacute; tr&#7883 ph&#7893 bi&#7871n v&agrave; tr&igrave;nh &#273&#7897 v&#259n h&oacute;a chung c&#7911a nh&acirc;n lo&#7841i. N&#7871u d&acirc;n t&#7897c ta kh&ocirc;ng v&#432&#417n l&ecirc;n ngang t&#7847m th&#7901i &#273&#7841i, kh&ocirc;ng nh&acirc;n b&#7843n h&#417n, v&#259n minh h&#417n, kh&ocirc;ng m&#7841nh h&#417n k&#7867 th&ugrave; th&igrave; &#273&atilde; kh&ocirc;ng th&#7875 chi&#7871n th&#7855ng tr&#432&#7899c nh&#7919ng th&#7871 l&#7921c &#273en t&#7889i &#273&#432&#7907c xem l&agrave; c&oacute; s&#7913c m&#7841nh nh&#7845t th&#7901i &#273&#7841i v&agrave; c&aacute;ch m&#7841ng Vi&#7879t Nam c&#361ng kh&ocirc;ng th&#7875 &#273i t&#7915 th&#7855ng l&#7907i n&agrave;y &#273&#7871n th&#7855ng l&#7907i kh&aacute;c. C&ocirc;ng lao l&#7883ch s&#7917 v&#297 &#273&#7841i &#7845y tr&#432&#7899c h&#7871t thu&#7897c v&#7873 H&#7891 Ch&iacute; Minh. C&oacute; th&#7875 n&oacute;i, ph&#432&#417ng th&#7913c th&#7921c ti&#7877n H&#7891 Ch&iacute; Minh, ph&#432&#417ng th&#7913c &#273&#432&#7907c tri&#7875n khai song song v&#7899i qu&aacute; tr&igrave;nh v&#7853n &#273&#7897ng c&aacute;ch m&#7841ng, ch&iacute;nh l&agrave; b&iacute; quy&#7871t th&agrave;nh c&ocirc;ng v&agrave; l&agrave; s&#7913c s&#7889ng t&#432 t&#432&#7903ng - ch&iacute;nh tr&#7883 c&#7911a Ng&#432&#7901i.</span></span></div> <div style="text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: small; "><span style="font-family: Arial; "><br /> </span></span></div> <div style="text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: small; "><span style="font-family: Arial; ">Ph&#432&#417ng th&#7913c &#7845y h&igrave;nh th&agrave;nh tr&#432&#7899c h&#7871t trong t&#432 duy s&aacute;ng t&#7841o H&#7891 Ch&iacute; Minh, b&#7855t ngu&#7891n t&#7915 kinh nghi&#7879m s&#7889ng m&agrave; Ng&#432&#7901i t&iacute;ch l&#361y &#273&#432&#7907c, t&#7915 nh&#7919ng kho t&agrave;ng kinh nghi&#7879m v&agrave; l&yacute; lu&#7853n m&agrave; Ng&#432&#7901i &#273&atilde; ti&#7871p thu tr&ecirc;n c&#417 s&#7903 thi&ecirc;n t&#432 si&ecirc;u vi&#7879t, &#7903 c&aacute; nh&acirc;n v&#297 nh&acirc;n H&#7891 Ch&iacute; Minh. &#272&oacute; c&#361ng ch&iacute;nh l&agrave; &#273&ograve;i h&#7887i c&#7911a ho&#7841t &#273&#7897ng c&aacute;ch m&#7841ng, b&#7903i v&igrave; ho&#7841t &#273&#7897ng c&aacute;ch m&#7841ng l&agrave; ho&#7841t &#273&#7897ng m&agrave; &#7903 &#273&oacute; b&#7843n ch&#7845t, tr&igrave;nh &#273&#7897 v&agrave; ph&#432&#417ng th&#7913c &#273&#7873u ph&#7843i &#273&#7841t t&#7899i c&#7845p &#273&#7897 th&#7921c ti&#7877n r&#7845t cao. Do &#273&oacute;, t&#432 t&#432&#7903ng - ch&iacute;nh tr&#7883 H&#7891 Ch&iacute; Minh v&#7873 m&#7863t kh&aacute;ch quan, ch&iacute;nh l&agrave; ph&#7843n &aacute;nh c&aacute;c quy lu&#7853t ch&#7911 y&#7871u, c&aacute;c ph&#432&#417ng th&#7913c c&#417 b&#7843n c&#7911a cu&#7897c v&#7853n &#273&#7897ng c&aacute;ch m&#7841ng Vi&#7879t Nam t&#7915 khi &#273&#432&#7907c h&igrave;nh th&agrave;nh cho t&#7899i th&#7855ng l&#7907i ng&agrave;y nay v&agrave; c&aacute;c vi&#7877n c&#7843nh c&#7911a n&oacute; trong t&#432&#417ng lai.</span></span></div> <div style="text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: small; "><span style="font-family: Arial; "><br /> </span></span></div> <div style="text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: small; "><span style="font-family: Arial; ">4. V&agrave;o nh&#7919ng n&#259m cu&#7889i cu&#7897c &#273&#7901i ho&#7841t &#273&#7897ng c&#7911a m&igrave;nh, Ch&#7911 t&#7883ch H&#7891 Ch&iacute; Minh ti&#7871p t&#7909c kh&#7859ng &#273&#7883nh vai tr&ograve; ch&#7911 th&#7875 c&#7911a c&aacute;ch m&#7841ng, &#273&#7863t to&agrave;n b&#7897 ni&#7873m tin y&ecirc;u v&agrave;o s&#7913c m&#7841nh c&#7911a nh&acirc;n d&acirc;n. Trong Di ch&uacute;c th&aacute;ng 5-1968, B&aacute;c vi&#7871t &#7903 &#273o&#7841n cu&#7889i nh&#432 m&#7897t l&#7901i t&#7893ng k&#7871t: &ldquo;&#272&#7875 gi&agrave;nh l&#7845y th&#7855ng l&#7907i trong cu&#7897c chi&#7871n &#273&#7845u kh&#7893ng l&#7891 n&agrave;y c&#7847n ph&#7843i &#273&#7897ng vi&ecirc;n to&agrave;n d&acirc;n, t&#7893 ch&#7913c v&agrave; gi&aacute;o d&#7909c to&agrave;n d&acirc;n, d&#7921a v&agrave;o l&#7921c l&#432&#7907ng v&#297 &#273&#7841i c&#7911a to&agrave;n d&acirc;n&rdquo; (7). &#272&#7891ng th&#7901i Ng&#432&#7901i c&#361ng &#273&#7863t ra y&ecirc;u c&#7847u r&#7845t cao &#273&#7889i v&#7899i &#272&#7843ng C&#7897ng s&#7843n, b&#7897 tham m&#432u chi&#7871n &#273&#7845u, trung t&acirc;m l&atilde;nh &#273&#7841o c&aacute;ch m&#7841ng v&agrave; x&atilde; h&#7897i. Ngay t&#7915 l&#7847n vi&#7871t Di ch&uacute;c th&#7913 nh&#7845t, ng&agrave;y 15-5-1965, Ng&#432&#7901i vi&#7871t: &ldquo;Tr&#432&#7899c h&#7871t n&oacute;i v&#7873 &#272&#7843ng, nh&#7901 &#273o&agrave;n k&#7871t ch&#7863t ch&#7869, m&#7897t l&ograve;ng, m&#7897t d&#7841 ph&#7909c v&#7909 giai c&#7845p, ph&#7909c v&#7909 T&#7893 qu&#7889c, ph&#7909c v&#7909 nh&acirc;n d&acirc;n, cho n&ecirc;n t&#7915 ng&agrave;y th&agrave;nh l&#7853p &#273&#7871n nay, &#272&#7843ng ta &#273&atilde; &#273o&agrave;n k&#7871t, t&#7893 ch&#7913c v&agrave; l&atilde;nh &#273&#7841o nh&acirc;n d&acirc;n ta h&#259ng h&aacute;i &#273&#7845u tranh ti&#7871n t&#7915 th&#7855ng l&#7907i n&agrave;y &#273&#7871n th&#7855ng l&#7907i kh&aacute;c. &#272o&agrave;n k&#7871t l&agrave; m&#7897t truy&#7873n th&#7889ng c&#7921c k&#7923 qu&yacute; b&aacute;u c&#7911a &#272&#7843ng v&agrave; c&#7911a d&acirc;n ta. C&aacute;c &#273&#7891ng ch&iacute; t&#7915 Trung &#432&#417ng &#273&#7871n c&aacute;c chi b&#7897 c&#7847n ph&#7843i gi&#7919 g&igrave;n s&#7921 &#273o&agrave;n k&#7871t nh&#432 gi&#7919 g&igrave;n con ng&#432&#417i c&#7911a m&#7855t m&igrave;nh. Trong &#272&#7843ng th&#7921c h&agrave;nh d&acirc;n ch&#7911 r&#7897ng r&atilde;i, th&#432&#7901ng xuy&ecirc;n v&agrave; nghi&ecirc;m ch&#7881nh t&#7921 ph&ecirc; b&igrave;nh v&agrave; ph&ecirc; b&igrave;nh l&agrave; c&aacute;ch t&#7889t nh&#7845t &#273&#7875 c&#7911ng c&#7889, ph&aacute;t tri&#7875n s&#7921 &#273o&agrave;n k&#7871t v&agrave; th&#7889ng nh&#7845t c&#7911a &#272&#7843ng. Ph&#7843i c&oacute; t&igrave;nh &#273&#7891ng ch&iacute; th&#432&#417ng y&ecirc;u l&#7851n nhau&rdquo; (8).</span></span></div> <div style="text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: small; "><span style="font-family: Arial; "><br /> </span></span></div> <div style="text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: small; "><span style="font-family: Arial; ">Ba n&#259m sau, v&agrave;o th&aacute;ng 5-1968 (tr&#432&#7899c khi qua &#273&#7901i h&#417n m&#7897t n&#259m), Ng&#432&#7901i l&#7841i &#273&#7863c bi&#7879t quan t&acirc;m &#273&#7871n v&#7845n &#273&#7873 &#272&#7843ng, ngay &#7903 &#273o&#7841n &#273&#7847u c&#7911a c&#7911a b&#7843n Di ch&uacute;c b&#7893 sung n&agrave;y, Ng&#432&#7901i vi&#7871t: &ldquo;Theo &yacute; t&ocirc;i, vi&#7879c c&#7847n ph&#7843i l&agrave;m tr&#432&#7899c ti&ecirc;n l&agrave; ch&#7881nh &#273&#7889n l&#7841i &#272&#7843ng, l&agrave;m cho m&#7895i &#273&#7843ng vi&ecirc;n, m&#7895i chi b&#7897 &#273&#7873u ra s&#7913c l&agrave;m tr&ograve;n nhi&#7879m v&#7909 &#272&#7843ng giao ph&oacute; cho m&igrave;nh, to&agrave;n t&acirc;m, to&agrave;n &yacute; ph&#7909c v&#7909 nh&acirc;n d&acirc;n. L&agrave;m &#273&#432&#7907c nh&#432 v&#7853y, th&igrave; d&ugrave; c&ocirc;ng vi&#7879c to l&#7899n m&#7845y, kh&oacute; kh&#259n m&#7845y ch&uacute;ng ta c&#361ng nh&#7845t &#273&#7883nh th&#7855ng l&#7907i&rdquo; (9).</span></span></div> <div style="text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: small; "><span style="font-family: Arial; "><br /> </span></span></div> <div style="text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: small; "><span style="font-family: Arial; ">T&oacute;m l&#7841i, trong qu&aacute; tr&igrave;nh ti&#7871p c&#7853n &#273&#7871n t&#432 t&#432&#7903ng - ch&iacute;nh tr&#7883 H&#7891 Ch&iacute; Minh, &#7903 &#273&acirc;u, trong bi&#7875u hi&#7879n t&#432 t&#432&#7903ng c&#7911a Ng&#432&#7901i, ch&uacute;ng ta th&#7845y, t&#7915 l&#7901i n&oacute;i &#273&#7871n vi&#7879c l&agrave;m v&agrave; trong c&aacute;c ch&#7911 tr&#432&#417ng ch&iacute;nh s&aacute;ch, t&#7845t c&#7843 &#273&#7873u xu&#7845t ph&aacute;t v&igrave; l&#7907i &iacute;ch c&#7911a nh&acirc;n d&acirc;n, to&aacute;t l&ecirc;n ni&#7873m tin y&ecirc;u s&acirc;u s&#7855c v&agrave;o nh&acirc;n d&acirc;n v&agrave; th&#7855ng l&#7907i c&#7911a c&aacute;ch m&#7841ng. T&#7915 &ldquo;B&#7843n y&ecirc;u s&aacute;ch c&#7911a nh&acirc;n d&acirc;n Vi&#7879t Nam&rdquo; n&#259m 1919 vi&#7871t tr&ecirc;n &#273&#7845t Ph&aacute;p g&#7917i H&#7897i ngh&#7883 Versailles &#273&#7871n &ldquo;Tuy&ecirc;n ng&ocirc;n &#273&#7897c l&#7853p&rdquo; (1945), &ldquo;Hi&#7871n ph&aacute;p 1946&rdquo; v&agrave; trong &ldquo;Di ch&uacute;c&rdquo; c&#7911a Ng&#432&#7901i, b&#7845t k&#7923 trong ho&agrave;n c&#7843nh n&agrave;o, th&#7901i gian n&agrave;o ch&uacute;ng ta c&#361ng c&#7843m nh&#7853n &#273&#432&#7907c s&#7921 nh&#7845t qu&aacute;n v&agrave; tin t&#432&#7903ng tuy&#7879t &#273&#7889i c&#7911a Ch&#7911 t&#7883ch H&#7891 Ch&iacute; Minh v&agrave;o l&#7921c l&#432&#7907ng c&aacute;ch m&#7841ng to l&#7899n c&#7911a nh&acirc;n d&acirc;n. D&#7921a v&agrave;o ch&#7911 th&#7875 nh&acirc;n d&acirc;n, x&acirc;y d&#7921ng ch&#7911 th&#7875 nh&acirc;n d&acirc;n tr&ecirc;n c&#417 s&#7903 &#273&#7893i m&#7899i v&agrave; ch&#7881nh &#273&#7889n &#272&#7843ng, &#273&oacute; l&agrave; ph&#432&#417ng th&#7913c c&#259n b&#7843n &#273&#7875 &#273&#7841t t&#7899i c&aacute;c m&#7909c ti&ecirc;u l&yacute; t&#432&#7903ng m&agrave; con &#273&#432&#7901ng c&aacute;ch m&#7841ng H&#7891 Ch&iacute; Minh x&aacute;c &#273&#7883nh. T&#432 duy v&#7873 nh&acirc;n d&acirc;n v&agrave; &#272&#7843ng &#273&atilde; tr&#7903 n&ecirc;n r&#7845t v&#7919ng ch&#7855c v&agrave; chi ph&#7889i to&agrave;n b&#7897 s&#7921 nghi&#7879p c&#7911a Ch&#7911 t&#7883ch H&#7891 Ch&iacute; Minh, v&#7899i Ng&#432&#7901i, &#273&acirc;y l&agrave; v&#7845n &#273&#7873 tr&#7885ng t&acirc;m. N&#7871u ch&uacute;ng ta ho&agrave;n t&#7845t &#273&#432&#7907c nhi&#7879m v&#7909 tr&#7885ng t&acirc;m n&agrave;y th&igrave; xu th&#7871 m&#7899i c&#7911a th&#7901i &#273&#7841i tr&ecirc;n &#273&#7845t n&#432&#7899c ta kh&ocirc;ng th&#7875 b&#7883 &#273&#7843o ng&#432&#7907c v&agrave; th&#7855ng l&#7907i c&#7911a c&ocirc;ng cu&#7897c &#273&#7893i m&#7899i v&igrave; m&#7909c ti&ecirc;u x&acirc;y d&#7921ng m&#7897t n&#432&#7899c Vi&#7879t Nam h&ograve;a b&igrave;nh, &#273&#7897c l&#7853p, th&#7889ng nh&#7845t, to&agrave;n v&#7865n l&atilde;nh th&#7893, d&acirc;n gi&agrave;u, n&#432&#7899c m&#7841nh, d&acirc;n ch&#7911, c&ocirc;ng b&#7857ng, v&#259n minh s&#7869 &#273&#432&#7907c th&#7921c hi&#7879n m&#7897t c&aacute;ch ch&#7855c ch&#7855n. V&#7845n &#273&#7873 tr&#7885ng t&acirc;m n&agrave;y trong t&#432 t&#432&#7903ng - ch&iacute;nh tr&#7883 H&#7891 Ch&iacute; Minh &#273&atilde; &#273&#432&#7907c th&#7875 hi&#7879n trong b&agrave;i h&#7885c kinh nghi&#7879m l&#7899n m&agrave; &#272&#7843ng ta &#273&atilde; ch&#7881 ra t&#7841i &#272ai h&#7897i l&#7847n th&#7913 XI v&#7915a qua, &#273&oacute; l&agrave;: &ldquo;S&#7921 nghi&#7879p c&aacute;ch m&#7841ng l&agrave; c&#7911a nh&acirc;n d&acirc;n. Ch&iacute;nh nh&acirc;n d&acirc;n l&agrave; ng&#432&#7901i l&agrave;m n&ecirc;n nh&#7919ng th&#7855ng l&#7907i l&#7883ch s&#7917. To&agrave;n b&#7897 ho&#7841t &#273&#7897ng c&#7911a &#272&#7843ng ph&#7843i xu&#7845t ph&aacute;t t&#7915 l&#7907i &iacute;ch v&agrave; nguy&#7879n v&#7885ng Ch&iacute;nh &#273&aacute;ng c&#7911a nh&acirc;n d&acirc;n. S&#7913c m&#7841nh c&#7911a &#272&#7843ng l&agrave; &#7903 s&#7921 g&#7855n b&oacute; m&#7853t thi&#7871t v&#7899i nh&acirc;n d&acirc;n. Quan li&ecirc;u, tham nh&#361ng, xa r&#7901i nh&acirc;n d&acirc;n s&#7869 d&#7851n &#273&#7871n nh&#7919ng t&#7893n th&#7845t kh&ocirc;n l&#432&#7901ng &#273&#7889i v&#7899i v&#7853n m&#7879nh c&#7911a &#273&#7845t n&#432&#7899c, c&#7911a ch&#7871 &#273&#7897 x&atilde; h&#7897i ch&#7911 ngh&#297a v&agrave; c&#7911a &#272&#7843ng&rdquo;(10)./.</span></span></div> <div style="text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: small; "><span style="font-family: Arial; "><br type="_moz" /> </span></span></div> <div><span style="font-size: small; "><span style="font-family: Arial; "><br /> </span></span></div> <div><span style="font-size: small; "><span style="font-family: Arial; ">------</span></span></div> <div><span style="font-size: small; "><span style="font-family: Arial; "><em>(1): H&#7897i th&#7843o qu&#7889c t&#7871: Ch&#7911 t&#7883ch H&#7891 Ch&iacute; Minh &ndash; Anh h&ugrave;ng gi&#7843i ph&oacute;ng d&acirc;n t&#7897c, nh&agrave; v&#259n h&oacute;a l&#7899n, Nxb Khoa h&#7885c x&atilde; h&#7897i, H&agrave; N&#7897i, 1990, tr. 156.</em></span></span></div> <div><span style="font-size: small; "><span style="font-family: Arial; "><em><br /> </em></span></span></div> <div><span style="font-size: small; "><span style="font-family: Arial; "><em>(2): Xem T. Lan: V&#7915a &#273i &#273&#432&#7901ng v&#7915a k&#7875 chuy&#7879n, Nxb S&#7921 Th&#7853t, H&agrave; N&#7897i, 1976, tr.14.</em></span></span></div> <div><span style="font-size: small; "><span style="font-family: Arial; "><em><br /> </em></span></span></div> <div><span style="font-size: small; "><span style="font-family: Arial; "><em>(3): Ng&agrave;y 16 v&agrave; 17-7-1920 tr&ecirc;n b&aacute;o Nh&acirc;n &#273&#7841o &#273&#259ng hai s&#7889 li&#7873n: S&#417 th&#7843o l&#7847n th&#7913 nh&#7845t Lu&#7853n c&#432&#417ng v&#7873 v&#7845n &#273&#7873 d&acirc;n t&#7897c thu&#7897c &#273&#7883a c&#7911a L&ecirc;nin, trong chuy&ecirc;n &#273&#7873 C&aacute;ch m&#7841ng d&acirc;n t&#7897c thu&#7897c &#273&#7883a. Nguy&#7877n &Aacute;i Qu&#7889c - Ng&#432&#7901i ra &#273i t&igrave;m &aacute;nh s&aacute;ng cho d&acirc;n t&#7897c m&igrave;nh &#273&atilde; t&igrave;m &#273&#432&#7907c ngu&#7891n s&aacute;ng. &#272&#7843ng x&atilde; h&#7897i Ph&aacute;p ti&#7871n h&agrave;nh &#273&#7841i h&#7897i t&#7915 ng&agrave;y 25-12-1920 &#273&#7871n ng&agrave;y 29-12-1920. &#272&#7843ng x&atilde; h&#7897i chia r&#7869 l&agrave;m hai ph&aacute;i: ph&aacute;i h&#7919u v&agrave; ph&aacute;i t&#7843 (70%). Nguy&#7877n &Aacute;i Qu&#7889c ng&#7891i v&#7873 ph&iacute;a tay tr&aacute;i. 70% c&#7911a ph&aacute;i t&#7843 &#7845y t&aacute;ch ra th&agrave;nh l&#7853p &#273&#7843ng c&#7897ng s&#7843n. 2h30 s&aacute;ng ng&agrave;y 30-12-1920, Nguy&#7877n &Aacute;i Qu&#7889c tr&#7903 th&agrave;nh ng&#432&#7901i c&#7897ng s&#7843n Vi&#7879t Nam &#273&#7847u ti&ecirc;n v&agrave; c&#361ng l&agrave; m&#7897t trong nh&#7919ng ng&#432&#7901i th&agrave;nh l&#7853p &#272&#7843ng C&#7897ng s&#7843n Ph&aacute;p.</em></span></span></div> <div><span style="font-size: small; "><span style="font-family: Arial; "><em><br /> </em></span></span></div> <div><span style="font-size: small; "><span style="font-family: Arial; "><em>(4): H&#7891 Ch&iacute; Minh, To&agrave;n t&#7853p, Nxb Ch&iacute;nh tr&#7883 qu&#7889c gia, H&agrave; N&#7897i, 2000, t&#7853p 1, tr. 128.</em></span></span></div> <div><span style="font-size: small; "><span style="font-family: Arial; "><em><br /> </em></span></span></div> <div><span style="font-size: small; "><span style="font-family: Arial; "><em>(5): Th&aacute;ng 7-1935 Qu&#7889c t&#7871 c&#7897ng s&#7843n l&#7847n th&#7913 VII h&#7885p, trong n&#432&#7899c c&#7917 c&aacute;c &#273&#7891ng ch&iacute; L&ecirc; H&#7891ng Phong, Nguy&#7877n Th&#7883 Minh Khai, Ho&agrave;ng V&#259n N&#7885n (&#273&#7841i bi&#7875u ch&iacute;nh th&#7913c) &#273i d&#7921. Khi &#273o&agrave;n v&#7873 B&aacute;c c&#259n d&#7863n: C&aacute;c &#273&#7891ng ch&iacute; ph&#7843i gi&#7843i ph&oacute;ng d&acirc;n t&#7897c &#273&atilde;, d&acirc;n t&#7897c ch&#432a gi&#7843i ph&oacute;ng th&igrave; giai c&#7845p &#273&#7871n v&#7841n n&#259m c&#361ng ch&#432a gi&#7843i ph&oacute;ng &#273&#432&#7907c. N&ecirc;n th&agrave;nh l&#7853p M&#7863t tr&#7853n d&acirc;n t&#7897c th&#7889ng nh&#7845t v&agrave; kh&ocirc;ng &#273&#432&#7907c h&#7907p t&aacute;c v&#7899i t&#7901-r&#7889t-k&iacute;t (t&#7843 khuynh).</em></span></span></div> <div><span style="font-size: small; "><span style="font-family: Arial; "><em><br /> </em></span></span></div> <div><span style="font-size: small; "><span style="font-family: Arial; "><em>(6): &#272&#7843ng C&#7897ng s&#7843n Vi&#7879t Nam, V&#259n ki&#7879n &#272&#7841i h&#7897i &#273&#7841i bi&#7875u to&agrave;n qu&#7889c l&#7847n th&#7913 XI, Nxb Ch&iacute;nh tr&#7883 qu&#7889c gia, H&agrave; N&#7897i, 2011, tr. 83-84.</em></span></span></div> <div><span style="font-size: small; "><span style="font-family: Arial; "><em><br /> </em></span></span></div> <div><span style="font-size: small; "><span style="font-family: Arial; "><em>(7), (8), (9): Ban Ch&#7845p h&agrave;nh Trung &#432&#417ng &#272&#7843ng C&#7897ng s&#7843n Vi&#7879t Nam: Di ch&uacute;c c&#7911a Ch&#7911 t&#7883ch H&#7891 Ch&iacute; Minh, H&agrave; N&#7897i, 1989, tr. 43; 35-36; 41.</em></span></span></div> <div><span style="font-size: small; "><span style="font-family: Arial; "><em><br /> </em></span></span></div> <div><span style="font-size: small; "><span style="font-family: Arial; "><em>(10) &#272&#7843ng C&#7897ng s&#7843n Vi&#7879t Nam, V&#259n ki&#7879n &#272&#7841i h&#7897i &#273&#7841i bi&#7875u to&agrave;n qu&#7889c l&#7847n th&#7913 XI, S&#273d, Nxb Ch&iacute;nh tr&#7883 qu&#7889c gia, H&agrave; N&#7897i, 2011, tr. 65.</em></span></span></div> <div style="text-align: right; "><span style="font-size: small; "><span style="font-family: Arial; "><br type="_moz" /> </span></span></div> <div style="text-align: right; "><span style="font-size: small; "><span style="font-family: Arial; "><strong>PGS, TS. Nguy&#7877n Ho&agrave;i V&#259n</strong></span></span></div> <div style="text-align: right; "><span style="font-size: small; "><span style="font-family: Arial; "> <strong>Vi&#7879n Ch&iacute;nh tr&#7883 h&#7885c H&#7885c vi&#7879n Ch&iacute;nh tr&#7883 - H&agrave;nh ch&iacute;nh Qu&#7889c gia H&#7891 Ch&iacute; Minh</strong></span></span></div> <div style="text-align: right; "><span style="font-size: small; "><span style="font-family: Arial; "><em>(Ngu&#7891n: t&#7841p ch&iacute; C&#7897ng S&#7843n)</em></span></span></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> </html>

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